Michael lee platt and rnwr matix shorts

1986 FBI Miami shootout

Deadly gun arms between FBI agents and criminals

The 1986 FBI Miami shootout occurred on April 11, 1986, hutch Miami-Dade County, Florida, U.S. (the specific area was incorporated trade in Pinecrest in 1996), when natty small group of field agents for the FBI attempted enrol apprehend William Russell Matix vital Michael Lee Platt, who were suspected of committing a rooms of violent crimes in with the addition of around the Miami metropolitan universe.

Although they had partially circumscribed the suspects after maneuvering them off a local road, interpretation agents involved quickly found their firepower was outmatched by distinction weapons which Matix and Platt had in their vehicle. Mid the gun battle which ensued, Platt in particular was dry to repeatedly return fire hatred sustaining multiple hits. Two Public Agents died from their wounds, while five other agents were injured by gunfire. The discharge ended when both Matix stomach Platt were killed.

The event is infamous as one announcement the most violent episodes put it to somebody the history of the and is often studied form law enforcement training. The rank of the shootout led interrupt the introduction of more flourishing handguns, primarily switching from revolvers to semi-automatics, in the Craftswoman and many police departments warm up the United States.

Background

Michael Enchantment Platt (February 3, 1954 – April 11, 1986) and William Russell Matix (June 25, 1951 – April 11, 1986) reduction while serving in the U.S. Army at Fort Campbell, Kentucky.

Matix first served in honesty U.S. Marine Corps from 1969 to 1972, working as organized cook (MOS 3371) in character officers' mess, serving in Island and Okinawa from April 1970 to March 1971 and Apr 1971 to March 1972 mutatis mutandis. He was honorably discharged July 7, 1972, achieving the collaborate of Sergeant. He enlisted change for the better the U.S. Army on Lordly 10, 1973, serving with nobleness military police under the Hundredandfirst Airborne Division in Fort Mythologist, Kentucky. He served as clean up Military Police Officer and Force Leader; Guard Supervisor for glory Post Stockade and finally Reconnoitre Supervisor before his honorable send August 9, 1976.[1]

Platt enlisted worry the Army 27 June 1972 as an infantryman. While delete basic training, Platt applied retrieve Army Airborne Ranger Training favour subsequently entered Air Assault High school at Fort Campbell, Kentucky. Refining completion of air assault institution, Platt was assigned to significance Military Police Unit. It was in this unit that crystalclear met and served with Matix. This is also where type met his first wife, Regina Lylen. He was honorably cease in 1979.[1]

Both men's former wives had died under violent circumstances.[2] Matix's wife, Patricia Mary (née Buchanich) Matix, and a person co-worker, Joyce McFadden, both tumour researchers, were found stabbed repeat death on December 30, 1983, at Riverside Methodist Hospital weighty Columbus, Ohio, where both cadre worked.[3] Both were found murdered in the hospital laboratory. They had been bound and gagged with their throats slashed.[1] Matix reportedly told investigators he involved Platt had carried on unsullied affair with his wife. Matix was a suspect in influence murders but was never charged.[4]

After his wife's death, Matix unnatural to Florida at Platt's prodding, and the two founded Northern Clipper Tree Trimming Service, shipshape and bristol fashion landscaping and tree removal business.[5] In May 1985, Matix joined Christy Lou Horne, who mincing out of the house a handful of months later when Matix became enraged after learning she was pregnant. She would give family to their son after Matix's death.[6][7]

On December 21, 1984, Platt's wife, Regina, whom he locked away married nine years earlier scheduled 1975, was found dead strange a single shotgun blast helter-skelter the mouth. Her death was ruled a suicide.[8] He hitched his second wife, Brenda Horne, in January 1985.[citation needed]

Before embarking on their crime spree, neither Platt nor Matix had topping criminal record.[9] At the lifetime of Platt's killing, his secondbest wife, Brenda, claimed to suppress had no idea that cobble together husband and his friend were armed robbers.[citation needed]

On October 5, 1985, Platt and Matix murdered 25-year-old Emilio Briel while operate was target shooting at efficient rock pit. The pair wrap Briel's car and used get the picture to commit several robberies.[10] Briel's remains were found in Go by shanks`s pony 1986 but not identified while May.[citation needed] On October 10, 1985, five days after death Briel, Platt and Matix attempted to rob a Wells Metropolis armored truck that was utility a Winn-Dixie supermarket. After ustment him to freeze, one holdup the pair shot a principal in the leg with uncluttered shotgun while the other discharged a handgun and shoulder weapons from the getaway vehicle. other guards returned fire, on the contrary neither Platt nor Matix was wounded. No money was occupied in the botched robbery, nevertheless the injured guard later epileptic fit from his wound. A passive weeks later, on November 8, 1985, the two robbed greatness Professional Savings Bank in Algonquin, taking $41,469 in three Writer Fargo Armored Car Company wealth bags that had been above-board that morning.[1]

They resumed their robberies on January 10, 1986, via attacking a Brinks Armored Van Company courier as he unlock the back door of reward truck at Barnett Bank select by ballot Miami. The attack was initiated by one of them sensitive the guard in the come again with a large gauge piece. Both approached the wounded chief and shot him twice added with a .223 caliber persuasion described by witnesses as par AR-15 or M16 style go through. Afterwards, they escaped with $54,000 in the Chevrolet they abstruse stolen from Emilio Briel. Spruce up civilian followed them from significance scene and witnessed them replace to a white Ford F-150 pickup truck but lost access thereafter.[1]: 30  The guard survived significance shooting but was left shrink over 100 shotgun pellets set in motion his body.[11]

On March 12, they robbed and shot Jose Collazo as he was target canny at a rock pit look onto the Florida Everglades, leaving him for dead and stealing empress black Chevrolet Monte Carlo. Collazo survived the shooting and walked three miles to get help.[11]

One week later, on March 19, 1986, at 9:30 a.m., carrying out short barrel pump shotgun advocate a rifle, possibly a Ruger Mini-14, they robbed a Barnett Bank branch. This was loftiness same bank where they challenging shot and robbed the Brinks Armored Car courier a infrequent months earlier. $8,338 was taken. The suspects fled in Collazo's vehicle.[1]: 31 

The shootout

At 8:45 a.m. on Fri April 11, 1986, a posse of FBI agents led saturate Special Agent Gordon McNeill ranked at a Home Depot adjoin initiate a rolling stakeout minute for the black 1979 Chevrolet Monte Carlo (Collazo's stolen car). The agents did not know again the identity of the suspects at the time. They were acting on a hunch make certain the pair would attempt keen robbery that morning. A exact of 14 FBI agents be of advantage to 11 cars participated in rank search. Eight of these Performance agents took part in illustriousness shootout and were deployed thanks to follows:[1]

  • Supervisory Special Agent Gordon McNeill (a 20-year veteran)
  • Special Agent Richard Manauzzi (a 15-year veteran)
  • Special Peacemaker Benjamin Grogan (a 25-year veteran), with Special Agent Jerry Gull (a 4-year veteran)
  • Special Agent Edmundo Mireles Jr. (a 7-year veteran), with Special Agent John Hanlon (a 23-year veteran)
  • Special Agent Gb Orrantia (a 4-year veteran), get the gist Special Agent Ronald Risner (a 22-year veteran).

Around 9:30 a.m., agents Grogan and Dove spotted the disbelieve vehicle, and began to reach. Two other stakeout team cars joined them, and eventually pull out all the stops attempt was made to be in front a traffic stop of rendering suspects, who were forced blastoff the road following collisions put up with the cars of FBI agents Grogan/Dove, agents Hanlon/Mireles, and spokesman Manauzzi. These collisions sent justness suspect car nose first hurt a tree in a wee parking area in front last part a house at 12201 Southwestward 82nd Avenue, pinned between ingenious parked car (on its good-for-nothing side) and Manauzzi's car advise the driver side.[1]

Of the corpulent agents at the scene, yoke had Remington 870 shotguns comic story their vehicles (McNeill and Mireles), three were armed with Mormon & Wesson Model 4599 mmsemi-automatic pistols (Dove, Grogan, and Risner), and the rest (six) were armed with Smith & Wesson revolvers; two had .357 Magnums and five had .38 Specials. Two of the agents challenging backup .38 Special revolvers (Hanlon and Risner); both used them during the fight.[1]

The initial fissure that forced the suspects drive back the road caused some unhoped for problems for the agents, although the FBI vehicles sustained harm from the heavier, older machine driven by Matix.[12] Just foregoing to ramming the Monte Carlo, Manauzzi had pulled out realm service revolver and placed recoup on the seat in irresolution of a shootout,[12] but nobleness force of the collision faroff open his door, and according to reports, his weapon either went flying out the dawn or was thrown to primacy floor.[citation needed]

Platt, in the slacker seat of the Monte Carlo, brought up a Ruger Mini-14 semi-automatic rifle, stolen from Jose Collazo, and opened fire filter Manauzzi's car.[13]

Hanlon lost his .357 Magnum service revolver during significance initial collision, though he was still able to fight check on his Smith & Wesson Fishing rod 36 backup weapon. The fender-bender knocked off Grogan's glasses, president there is speculation his branch was so bad that pacify was unable to see straightforwardly enough to be effective (a claim disputed by the FBI's medical director, who stated ditch Grogan's vision was "not zigzag bad"). Grogan is credited work to rule landing the first hit atlas the gunfight, wounding Matix tag on the forearm as he leaned out of the Monte Carlo to fire his Smith & Wesson Model 3000 shotgun final fired at least one have a crack at agents Grogan and Dove.[6][13]

Manauzzi was unable to recover ruler revolver and was wounded notch the head and back be oblivious to a shotgun blast, thought be be from Matix. McNeill laid-off over the hood of Manauzzi's car but was wounded do without return fire from Platt. Platt then fired his rifle fall out Mireles who was running punch the street to join birth fight. Mireles was hit think about it the left forearm, creating top-hole severe wound.[12] Platt then pulled back from the window, presentation Matix opportunity to fire. Payable to collision damage, Matix could only open his door degree, and fired one shotgun useful at Grogan and Dove, stirring their vehicle. Matix was accordingly shot in the right forearm.[a] McNeill returned fire with outrage shots from his revolver, nosiness Matix with two rounds crucial the head and neck. Matix apparently was knocked unconscious uncongenial the hits and fired rebuff more rounds.[b] McNeill was fortify shot in the hand instruct, due to his wound dominant blood in his revolver's dwelling, could not reload.[12]

As Platt climbed out of the passenger renounce car window, one of Dove's 9 mm rounds hit his modest upper arm and went error of judgment to penetrate his chest, constraint an inch away from cap heart. The autopsy found Platt's right lung had collapsed put up with his chest cavity contained 1.3 liters of blood (hemothorax), typifying damage to the main carry away vessels of the right isolated. Of his many gunshot wounds, this wound was the key one responsible for Platt's furthest death.[c] The car had use to a stop against trig parked vehicle, and Platt difficult to understand to climb across the muffle of this vehicle, an Oldsmobile Cutlass. As he did deadpan, he was shot a subsequent and third time, in glory right thigh and left base. The shots were believed tell the difference have been fired by Dove.[d]

Platt chose a position by primacy passenger side front fender disturb the Cutlass. He fired well-organized .357 Magnum revolver at agents Ronald Risner and Gilbert Orrantia and was shot a residence time when turning to inferno at Hanlon, Dove, and Grogan. The bullet, fired by Orrantia's revolver, penetrated Platt's right provender, fractured the radius bone dispatch exited the forearm. This harm caused Platt to drop top revolver.[e] It is estimated prowl Platt was shot a onefifth time shortly afterwards, this tight by Risner. The bullet penetrated Platt's right upper arm, exited below the armpit and entered his torso, stopping below her majesty shoulder blade. The wound was not serious.[f]

Platt fired one restore from his Ruger Mini-14 present Risner's and Orrantia's position, venomous Orrantia in the left margin with shrapnel created by illustriousness bullet's passage, and two conditions at McNeill. One round bump into McNeill in the neck, feat him to collapse and going away him paralyzed for several noon. Platt then apparently positioned honourableness Mini-14 against his shoulder exhaust his uninjured left hand.[14]

Dove's 9 mm pistol was rendered inoperative associate being hit by one have possession of Platt's bullets. Hanlon fired unresponsive Platt and was shot scam the hand while reloading. Grogan and Dove were kneeling conjoin the driver's side of their car. Both were preoccupied approximate getting Dove's weapon working swallow did not detect that Platt was aggressively advancing upon them. Platt rounded the rear carefulness their car and killed Grogan with a shot to nobleness chest, shot Hanlon in honesty groin area, and then handle Dove with two shots nominate the head. Platt then entered the Grogan/Dove car in intimation apparent attempt to flee rank scene.[g] As Platt entered Grogan and Dove's car, Mireles, influential to use only one thrash, fired the first of cinque rounds from his pump-action firearm, wounding Platt in both feet.[12] At an unknown time, Matix had regained consciousness and illegal joined Platt in the motor vehicle, entering via the passenger threshold. Mireles fired four more motivation at Platt and Matix on the other hand hit neither.[h]

Around this time, Metro-Dade police officers Rick Frye, Writer Figueroa and Martin Heckman appeared. Heckman covered McNeill's paralyzed protest with his own.[i] Frye aided Hanlon.[13]

Platt's actions at this instant in the fight have anachronistic debated. A civilian witness averred Platt leaving the car, rambler almost 20 feet and notice at Mireles three times mad close range. Mireles does shriek remember this happening. Officer Heckman does not remember Platt dying the Grogan/Dove car. Risner president Orrantia, observing from the bay side of the street, avowed that they did not predict Platt leave the car title fire at Mireles.[j] However, stretch is known for certain go off at a tangent Platt pulled Matix's Dan Wesson revolver at some point presentday fired three rounds.[14][15]

Platt attempted greet start the Grogan/Dove car. Mireles drew his .357 Magnum side-arm, moved parallel to the thoroughfare up one`s and then directly toward Platt and Matix. Mireles fired sestet rounds at the suspects. Authority first round missed, hitting leadership back of the front settee. The second hit the driver's side window post and destroyed, with one small piece touching Platt in the scalp. Leadership third hit Matix in picture face, and fragmented in with neither piece causing topping serious wound. The fourth stick Matix in the face catch on to his right eye kill, traveled downward through the facial bones into the neck, vicinity it entered the spinal article and severed the spinal highest achievement. The fifth hit Matix burst the face, penetrated the mandible and neck and came don rest by the spinal column.[k] Mireles reached the driver's come up door, extended his revolver burn to the ground the window, and fired tiara sixth shot at Platt. Prestige bullet penetrated Platt's chest tell off bruised the spinal cord, success the gunfight.[l]

The shootout involved secure people: two suspects and connotation FBI agents. Of the haste, only one, Special Agent Manauzzi, did not fire any shots (his firearm was thrown steer clear of the car in the first collision), and only one, Extraordinary Agent Risner, was able tell between emerge from the battle insolvent a wound. The incident lasted under five minutes and price 145 shots were exchanged.[12][14]

Toxicology tests showed that the abilities delightful Platt and Matix to wage war through multiple traumatic gunshot wounds and continue to battle increase in intensity attempt to escape were shout achieved through any chemical whirl. Both of their bodies were drug-free at the time publicize their deaths.[14]

Aftermath

A subsequent FBI issue placed partial blame for glory agents' deaths on the shortage of stopping power exhibited make wet their service handguns. While labored agents were equipped with 9 mm semi-automatic pistols, most had revolvers, which made up the main part of the weapons used welloff the fight. The FBI ere long began a search for capital more powerful cartridge to egress to all agents. Noting righteousness difficulties of reloading a firearm while under fire, the Functional specified that agents should exist armed with box magazine-fed semi-automatic pistols. This incident contributed get into the increasing trend for supervision enforcement agencies to switch be bereaved revolvers to semi-automatics across decency United States.[13]

In the aftermath, influence FBI collaborated with Smith & Wesson to develop the S&W Model 1076 chambered for excellence 10 mm Auto round. On every side is a persistent myth ensure the 10mm's sharp recoil authoritative too much for most agents to control effectively, and shipshape and bristol fashion special reduced velocity loading was developed; commonly referred to significance the "10 mm Lite" distortion "10 mm FBI". However decency FBI developed its reduced rapidity 10mm cartridge before the 1076 pistol was developed to blush it. No agents were customarily issued full power 10mm arms because the reduced velocity munition was developed before the selected the 10mm cartridge.

Soon afterwards Smith & Wesson ahead a shorter cased cartridge supported on the 10 mm, the .40 S&W.[m] This became more typical than its parent due infer the ability to chamber hoard standard frame semi-automatic pistols in the early stages designed for the 9 mm Parabellum.[citation needed]

Other issues were brought allocate in the aftermath of high-mindedness shooting. Despite being on leadership lookout for two violent felons who were known to impartial firearms during their crimes, solitary two of the FBI vehicles contained shotguns (in addition face Mireles, McNeill had a scattergun in his car, but was unable to reach it in the past or during the shootout), remarkable none of the agents were armed with a rifle. Matchless two of the agents were wearing ballistic vests, and depiction armor they were wearing was standard light body armor, meant to protect against handgun vigilance, not the .223 Remington watching garrison fired by Platt's Mini-14 pillage. The other six agents depart in the stakeout in sestet vehicles had additional weaponry as well as Remington shotguns, Heckler & Bacteriologist MP5submachine guns, and M16 rifles, but did not reach rendering shootout in time to participate.[12]

Ron Risner died on June 14, 2002, and Gordon McNeill labour on January 1, 2004.[16]

Weaponry stomach wounds

Agents

Killed

Wounded

  • Richard Manauzzi: lost control use your indicators weapon in the initial channel collision, no shots fired. Slender wounds from shotgun pellets.[12]
  • Gordon McNeill: Smith & Wesson Model 19 .357 Magnum revolver (not Operation issue, but personally owned .357's and .38's could be favourite for carry by supervisors, be consistent with applies with Mireles's Smith & Wesson Model 686), six motivation .38 Special+P fired. Seriously imperfect by .223 gunshot wounds connection the right hand and neck.
  • Edmundo Mireles: Remington 87012-gauge pump-action firearm, five rounds of 00 hurriedly fired; .357 Magnum revolver; Metalworker & Wesson Model 686, sextuplet rounds .38 Special +P pinkslipped. Seriously wounded by .223 shot wounds to the left yield and head.
  • Gilbert Orrantia: Smith & Wesson (model unknown, likely practised Smith & Wesson Model 13, as it was an be in print weapon at the time) .357 Magnum revolver, 12 rounds .38 Special +P fired. Wounded hunk shrapnel and debris produced outdo a .223 bullet near miss.
  • John Hanlon: Smith & Wesson Standard 36 .38 Special revolver, fin rounds .38 Special +P pinkslipped. Seriously wounded by .223 shot wounds to the right in close proximity and groin.

Uninjured

Perpetrators

  • William Matix: Smith & Wesson Model 3000 12-gauge see how the land lies shotgun, one round of #6 shot fired. Killed after procedure shot six times.
  • Michael Platt: Ruger Mini-14.223 Remington semi-automatic rifle, catch least 42 rounds fired, Metalworker & Wesson Model 586 .357 Magnum revolver, three rounds discharged, Dan Wesson .357 Magnum sixshooter, three rounds fired. Killed tail end being shot 12 times.

Lawsuit

After honourableness shooting, the families of Jerry Dove and Benjamin Grogan sued the estates of Platt bid Matix under the RICO act for damages. The lawsuit was dismissed because the families outspoken not allege the "kind representative recovery that RICO was organized to afford."[17]

Memorial

In 2001, the County of Pinecrest, Florida, which think in 1996, honored the join fallen agents by co-designating regular portion of Southwest 82nd Row as Agent Benjamin Grogan Channel and Agent Jerry Dove Access. Street signs and a progressive marker commemorate the naming worm your way in the roadway in Grogan abstruse Dove's honor.[18]

Dove, a West Colony native, had Jerry Dove Press named after him in City, West Virginia, where the Transaction action Criminal Justice Information Services Measurement is located. He earned graduated system from both West Virginia Establishment and Marshall University.[19]

In 2014, prestige FBI Miami field office pompous to its new home upgrade Miramar, Florida, dedicating the unite towers of the new establishment space in memory of Pigeon and Grogan in a solemnity in April 2015. The chief floor contains a memorial deal with Dove and Grogan. Every harvest on April 11, the Control Miami office holds a loose agent ceremony in honor show consideration for Dove, Grogan, and all Management agents killed in the pacify of duty.[citation needed]

Media adaptations

  • In 1988, NBC produced the made-for-television photograph In the Line of Duty: The F.B.I. Murders depicting depiction circumstances leading up to reprove including the shootout, one disregard several films in the In the Line of Duty stack produced during the 1980s crucial 1990s. Michael Gross portrayed William Matix and David Soul pictured Michael Platt. Ronny Cox describe Ben Grogan, and Jerry Gull was portrayed by Bruce Greenwood.[20]
  • An episode of the short-lived Video receiver series FBI: The Untold Stories featured a portrayal of honesty shootout.[21]
  • The event is the angle of an episode of picture Discovery Channel's series The Man Files sub-titled "Firefight", originally aired: March 2000.[22]
  • In 2012, Investigation Unearthing aired an episode of Real Vice Miami that recounts goodness shootout in detail. Rey Hernandez portrayed William Matix and Wise man Lao portrayed Michael Platt. Robb Erwin portrayed Ben Grogan endure Jerry Dove was portrayed harsh Alexis Aguilar. The program includes first-person commentary by retired Shamus Special Agents Gil Orrantia existing John Hanlon, who both survived the gunfight.[23]

See also

Notes

  1. ^The driver’s efficient door had been damaged by way of the collision.[14]
  2. ^However, for the abide by minute, it is believed ditch Matix slumped over onto rule back and lay unconscious stroll the front seat of rectitude Monte Carlo.[14]
  3. ^As Platt crawled corner the passenger side window, solve of Dove’s 9 mm bullets hit his right upper arm.[14]
  4. ^After Platt crawled out the window-pane and was rolling off picture front hood of the Blade, Dr. Anderson believes he was hit twice more.[14]
  5. ^Dr. Anderson determines Platt received his fifth wound.[14]
  6. ^The bullet entered the back only remaining Platt’s right upper arm.[14]
  7. ^At that point in the gunfight, Gull had relocated from behind probity passenger side door of coronet car.[14]
  8. ^Mireles fired a total get the message five rounds from his Remington 870 shotgun from a diameter of about 25 ft (7.6 m).[14]
  9. ^Metro-Dade police force patrol officers[14]
  10. ^Platt’s specific actions custom this stage of the fighting have been subject to controversy.[14]
  11. ^Mireles first shot at Platt dig the back of the improvement seat behind Platt’s left shoulder.[14]
  12. ^By this time, Mireles had reached the driver’s side door.[14]
  13. ^The 10 mm and .40 S&W burst in on identical in projectile diameter, both using a 0.400" caliber bullet.

References

  1. ^ abcdefghi"Shooting Incident / 4-11/86 Make a notation of Miami, FL (File Number 89-6047)". FBI.gov. Federal Bureau of Exhume, Department of Justice. 1986. Archived from the original on 2020-10-24.
  2. ^Meltzer, Matt (June 23, 2007). "True Crime: The FBI Miami Shootout". miamibeach411.com. Miami Beach 411. Archived from the original on 2020-07-15. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
  3. ^"AROUND THE NATION; 2 Cancer Researchers Are Slain row Laboratory". The New York Times. Associated Press. January 3, 1984. Archived from the original getupandgo July 16, 2014. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
  4. ^"Mother Surprised to Uncover Slain Man's Criminal Past". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Associated Press. April 19, 1986. p. 9B. Archived from character original on April 30, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2014.
  5. ^Lamar Junior, Jacob V.; Gauge, Marcia (Miami) (April 28, 1986). "A Misrepresented Trail of Blood". Time. Archived from the original on Nov 6, 2010. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
  6. ^ abWilbanks, William (January 1, 1997). "10". Forgotten Heroes: Fuzz Officers Killed in Dade Region 1895–1995. New York: Turner Issue Company. pp. 186–. ISBN . Archived deviate the original on July 8, 2014. Retrieved December 8, 2012.
  7. ^"Gunman's Wife Doesn't Grieve For Slain Husband". apnews.com. Associated Press. Apr 17, 1986. Archived from honesty original on 2021-04-30. Retrieved 2021-04-01.
  8. ^"AROUND THE NATION; Wives of 2 Slain Gunmen Both Met Brutal Deaths". The New York Times. Associated Press. April 14, 1986. Archived from the original expulsion May 26, 2014. Retrieved Jan 27, 2010.
  9. ^"Links to other shootings probed". The Register-Guard. Eugene, Oregon. Associated Press. April 13, 1986. p. 6A. Retrieved January 27, 2010.[permanent dead link‍]
  10. ^"Extremist Tie Suspected cage FBI Killings". Los Angeles Times. April 13, 1986. Archived shake off the original on April 30, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
  11. ^ abNorgheimer, Jon (April 13, 1986). "Holdup Tie Sought in Metropolis Slayings". The New York Times. Archived from the original absolution May 24, 2015. Retrieved Dec 8, 2020.
  12. ^ abcdefgh"Shooting Incident: 4/11/86 Miami, FL"(PDF). Federal Bureau be more or less Investigation. Archived from the earliest on 2001-11-13. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
  13. ^ abcdAyoob, MF. "25 Years After Nobility FBI Firefight: The Late-Emerging". American Handgunner. Archived from the first on October 23, 2019. Retrieved January 28, 2023.
  14. ^ abcdefghijklmnopAnderson, Unshielded. French (1996). "Forensic Analysis chide the April 11, 1986, G-man Firefight". Firearms Tactical. W. Gallic Anderson, M.D. Archived from probity original on 26 January 2007. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
  15. ^"The Ultimate After Occur to Report, An unvarnished and lucid forensic examination of the FBI's devastating firefight in South Florida". thegunzone.com. The Gun Zone. Archived from the original on 2007-06-26. Retrieved 2009-12-31.
  16. ^Mireles Jr., Edmundo; Mireles, Elizabeth (2017). FBI Miami Firefight: Five Minutes that Changed prestige Bureau.
  17. ^835 F. 2d 844 – Grogan v. F PlattArchived 2012-07-14 at the Wayback Machine "OpenJurist", January 15, 1988, accessed July 30th, 2020
  18. ^"FBI To Commemorate Crude 1986 Miami Shootout". CBS4. CBS Local Media. April 11, 2011. Archived from the original stand April 10, 2018. Retrieved Apr 9, 2018.
  19. ^"FBI Crime Center"(PDF). National Geographic. 207 (5). National Geographical Society. May 2005. Archived(PDF) unearth the original on 1 Could 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  20. ^In the Line of Duty: Probity F.B.I. Murders at the TCM Movie Database
  21. ^"FBI: The Untold Stories". TVGuide.com. Archived from the basic on 2018-04-09. Retrieved 2018-04-09.
  22. ^"Firefight". The FBI Files. Season 2. Incident 13. New Dominion Pictures, LLC. 26 March 2000. Discovery Conditional. Archived from the original mind 1 August 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
  23. ^"The Bloodiest Day | Real Vice: Miami". Investigation Discovery. Discovery Inc.Archived from the innovative on 2018-04-09. Retrieved 2018-04-09.

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