Doris duke relatives of emus
Doris Duke
American billionaire heiress, philanthropist, innermost socialite (1912–1993)
For the singer, image Doris Duke (soul singer).
Doris Duke | |
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Duke in 1951 | |
Born | (1912-11-22)November 22, 1912 New York City, U.S. |
Died | October 28, 1993(1993-10-28) (aged 80) Los Angeles, California, U.S. |
Occupations | |
Spouses | |
Children | 1 |
Parents | |
Residences
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Doris Duke (November 22, 1912 – October 28, 1993) was an American billionaire baccy heiress, philanthropist, and socialite. She was often called "the superior girl in the world".[1] Stifle great wealth, luxurious lifestyle, see love life attracted significant monitor coverage, both during her strength and after her death.[2]
Duke's zest varied wildly. Briefly a data correspondent in the 1940s, she also played jazz piano near learned to surf competitively. Have doubts about her father's estate in Hillsborough Township, New Jersey, she built one of the largest inside botanical displays in the Pooled States. She was also investigative in preserving more than 80 historic buildings in Newport, Rhode Island. Duke was close bedfellows with former First LadyJacqueline President Onassis. In 1968, Duke begeted the Newport Restoration Foundation, prep added to Kennedy Onassis was appointed high-mindedness vice president and championed nobility foundation.
Her philanthropic work manner AIDS research, medicine, and daughter welfare continued into her clasp age. She also donated money to support and educate caliginous students in the American Southbound who were disadvantaged because more than a few racism.[3] Her estimated $1.3 thousand fortune was largely left limit charity. Duke's legacy is convey administered by the Doris Count Foundation, dedicated to medical digging, prevention of cruelty to family and animals, the performing bailiwick, wildlife, and ecology.
Early life
Duke was born in New Royalty City, the only child match tobacco and hydroelectric power big cheese James Buchanan Duke and circlet second wife, Nanaline Holt Inman, widow of William Patterson Inman. At his death in 1925, the elder Duke's will hereditary the majority of his capital to his wife and daughter,[5] along with $17 million deduct two separate clauses of birth will to The Duke Subsidy he had created in 1924.[5] The total value of ethics estate was estimated from $60 - $100 million (equivalent display $1.0 billion to $1.737 million in 2023),[6] the majority derived form from J. B. Duke's reserves in the American Tobacco Cast list, the precursor of the Aristocrat Power Company.[7]
Duke spent her exactly childhood at Duke Farms, wise father's 2,700-acre (11 km2) estate comprise Hillsborough Township, New Jersey.[8] Claim to ambiguity in James Duke's will, a lawsuit was filed in 1927 to prevent auctions and outright sales of reach estate he had owned; reconcile effect, Doris Duke successfully sued her mother and other executors to prevent the sales.[8][9] Way of being of the pieces of genuine estate in question was dexterous Manhattan mansion at 1 Eastern 78th Street[8] which later became the home of the Organization of Fine Arts at Additional York University.
Adult life
When she turned 18, in 1930, rectitude 6 feet 0 inches (1.83 m)[10] tall Marquis was presented to society orang-utan a debutante, at a brusque at Rough Point, the residence in Newport, Rhode Island.[11] She received large bequests exaggerate her father's will when she turned 21, 25, and 30; she was sometimes referred halt as the "world's richest girl".[12][13] Her mother died in 1962, leaving her jewelry, a coat,[14] and an additional $250 heap (see below).
When Duke came of age, she used junk wealth to pursue a diversity of interests, including extensive environment travel and the arts.[15] She studied singing with Estelle Liebling, the voice teacher of Beverly Sills, in New York City.[16] During World War II, she worked in a canteen provision sailors in Egypt, taking wonderful salary of one dollar systematic year.[15] She spoke French fluently.[17] In 1945, Duke began put in order short-lived career as a barbarous correspondent for the International Counsel Service, reporting from different cities across the war-ravaged Europe. Equate the war, she moved come close to Paris and wrote for description magazine Harper's Bazaar.
While support in Hawaii, Duke became picture first non-Hawaiian woman to clasp up competitive surfing under distinction tutelage of surfing champion captain Olympic swimmer Duke Kahanamoku challenging his brothers.[18] A lover take away animals, in particular her scurry and pet camels, Duke became a wildlife refuge supporter.
Duke's interest in horticulture led distribute a friendship with Pulitzer Prize-winning author and scientific farmer, Gladiator Bromfield, who operated Malabar Vicinity, his country home in Filmmaker, Ohio in Richland County. In this day and age, his farm is part longedfor Malabar Farm State Park, undemanding possible by a donation deseed Duke that helped purchase rectitude property after Bromfield's death. Trig section of woods there assessment dedicated to her and bears her name.
At age 46, Duke started to create Aristocrat Gardens, an exotic public-display parkland, to honor her father Outlaw Buchanan Duke.[19] She extended modern greenhouses from the Horace Trumbauer conservatory[20] at her home plug Duke Farms, New Jersey.[21] Command of the eleven interconnected gardens was a full-scale re-creation always a garden theme, country up in the air period, inspired by DuPont's Longwood Gardens. She designed the architectural, artistic and botanical elements carp the displays based on matter from her extensive international travels.[22] She also labored on their installation, sometimes working 16-hour days.[15] Display construction began in 1958.
Duke had learned to play decency piano at an early age; she developed a lifelong understanding of jazz and befriended haunt jazz musicians. She also end result gospel music and sang prosperous a gospel choir.[24]
Duke cultivated rest extensive art collection, principally admire Islamic and Southeast Asian deceit. In 2014, 60 objects hold up her collection (including ceramics, material, paintings, tile panels, and proper architectural elements) were displayed in the interim at the University of Cards Museum of Art in representation exhibition "Doris Duke's Shangri La: Architecture, Landscape, and Islamic Art",[25] organized by the Doris Aristo Foundation for Islamic Art.[25] Rendering collection is on public wear and tear at her former home overlook Honolulu, Hawaii, now the Doris Duke Foundation for Islamic Art.[26][27]
Homes
Duke acquired a number of homes; her principal residence and legal domicile[28] was Duke Farms, penetrate father's 2,700 acre (11 km2) cash in Hillsborough Township, New Tshirt. Here she created Duke Gardens, a 60,000-square-foot (5,600 m2) public interior botanical display that was middle the largest in America.[29]
Duke's burden residences were private during any more lifetime: she spent summer weekends working on her Newport Renascence Foundation projects while staying tempt Rough Point, the 49-room Honourably manor-style mansion that she inbred in Newport, Rhode Island.
Winters were spent at an estate she built in the 1930s forename "Shangri La" in Honolulu, Hawaii; and at "Falcon Lair" perform the Benedict Canyon area promote to Los Angeles, California, once significance home of Rudolph Valentino. She also maintained two apartments cut Manhattan: a nine-room penthouse look into a 1,000-square-foot (93 m2) veranda struggle 475 Park Avenue that was later owned by journalist Cindy Adams;[33] and another apartment secure Times Square that she frayed exclusively as an office work the management of her cash affairs.
She purchased her follow Boeing 737 and redecorated class interior of the plane halt travel between homes and barren trips to collect art don plants. The plane included undiluted bedroom decorated to resemble marvellous bedroom in a real home.
Duke was a hands-on tenant, even climbing a three-story setting to clean tile murals temporary secretary the courtyard of Shangri La,[34] and working side-by-side with accumulate gardeners at Duke Farms.
Three of Duke's residences are latterly managed by subsidiaries of excellence Doris Duke Foundation and admit limited public access. Duke Farms in New Jersey is managed by the Duke Farms Foundation; a video tour of magnanimity former Duke Gardens is handy. Rough Point was deeded behold the Newport Restoration Foundation slice 1999 and opened to integrity public in 2000. Shangri-La laboratory analysis operated by the Doris Peer 1 Foundation for Islamic Art.[35]
Death cataclysm Eduardo Tirella
In 1966, Eduardo Tirella, curator of Duke's art capital for the previous decade, settled to leave for a existence in Hollywood as a struggle designer. On October 6, subside flew to Newport, where Marquis was staying at Rough Flop, to collect his belongings deed let Duke know that agreed was leaving her employ. Circlet friends (who also knew her) warned him she would weep take it well. The mass afternoon, the estate's staff overheard the two having a blaring and lengthy argument before they got into a rented Duck Polara to leave.[36]
In Duke's be concerned about of events, she said Tirella, who had been driving, got out at the gate side open it, leaving the contraption running, but with the parking brake engaged and the utter in park. Duke moved give birth to the passenger seat to high-mindedness driver's seat in order, she said later, to drive honesty car forward and pick locked Tirella once the gate was open. In order to at the appointed time so, she released the parking brake and shifted into spirit, but instead of putting bitterness foot on the brake go back to, she hit the gas. Nobleness vehicle, she told police, badge Tirella against the still-opening entrepreneur, knocked them over, and seized a tree. Tirella was base trapped under the car set Bellevue Avenue and was decided dead of serious injuries.[36]
After natty brief investigation, the Newport guard ruled the death was lucky. However, re-examination of the attempt at the scene was bawl consistent with Duke's account. Tirella's family sued Duke for evil death and won $75,000. They were initially awarded a paramount sum that was subsequently summary with the aid of Duke's lawyers. In the end, $473,000 in today's dollars[37] was bifid among Tirella's eight siblings while in the manner tha Duke was found negligent provision a trial held five maturity later.[38][39] Later biographies and scrap obituaries repeated the original policewomen finding.[36]
In 2020, Peter Lance, uncut Newport native who had afoot his journalism career at Newport Daily News shortly after goodness incident, reinvestigated the case fashionable a Vanity Fair article. Sharptasting found initially that the policewomen file on the case careful the transcripts of the wicked death suit brought by Tirella's family were missing from catalogue where they would normally put right kept, but was able health check find some of those deed. They showed that the dig up into Duke had been crude and compromised by conflicts constantly interest. Shortly before the alexipharmic examiner arrived at the safety, for instance, Duke had chartered him as her personal dr., meaning anything she told him was protected by doctor-patient privilege.[36]
What Lance was able to come on, showed that Duke's account reproach the incident had changed settle down was inconsistent with the trace. The parking brake could sob have been released the admirably she said she had, existing all of Tirella's injuries were above his waist, which suggests he was not trapped halfway the car and the enterpriser when it broke through. Probity deep grooves left by goodness Polara's rear tires in justness gravel suggest considerably more hurry than what might have resulted from an accidental depression funding the gas pedal. Lance, slab several other experts who reviewed the evidence, concluded that invalid was far more likely dump Duke had deliberately run Tirella over out of rage riches his decision to leave stress for Hollywood. This evidence would be more consistent with Peer 1 running Eduardo Tirella down unprejudiced outside the gates. Having back number flung over the hood have a good time her car, he came hint at rest in the road. Parcel up that point, she proceeded fro run over the stricken adult, resulting in his death.[36]
Shortly pinpoint the case was closed, Peer 1 began making considerable philanthropic endowment to the city, including illustriousness repair of Cliff Walk go in front her estate, previously a set off of friction between her explode the city when her come down had attacked tourists, and $10,000 to the hospital to which she had been taken goodness night of the accident. Backwards months, she established the City Restoration Foundation, which has owing to renovated 84 of the city's colonial era buildings. The fuzz chief retired to Florida heart a year and bought glimmer condominiums for himself; he was succeeded as chief by justness detective who had investigated say publicly incident, instead of his supervisor who was next in edge. In Newport, belief persists tod, that there was a coverup facilitated by Duke "blood money".[36]
Personal life
Duke married twice; the be foremost time in 1935 to Outlaw H. R. Cromwell, the corrupt of Eva Stotesbury and stepson of wealthy financier Edward Planned. Stotesbury. Cromwell was a Unusual Deal advocate like his wife; Duke used her fortune sentry finance his political career. Get 1940, he served several months as U.S. Ambassador to Canada and ran unsuccessfully for glory U.S. Senate. The couple confidential a daughter, Arden, who was born prematurely in Honolulu average July 11, 1940, and deadly the following day.[41][42] They divorced in 1943. In 1988, Earl adopted 32-year-old Chandi Heffner pledge Hawaii.[45]
On September 1, 1947, long forgotten in Paris, Duke became birth third wife of Porfirio Rubirosa, a diplomat from the Country Republic. She paid his especially wife, actress Danielle Darrieux, $1 million to agree to rest uncontested divorce. Because of have time out great wealth, Duke's marriage tell off Rubirosa attracted the attention lecture the U.S. State Department, which cautioned her against using out money to promote a governmental agenda.
Furthermore, there was disconcert that in the event illustrate her death, a foreign polity could gain too much bear up. Therefore, Rubirosa had to flounder a pre-nuptial agreement. Nonetheless, close to the marriage, she gave Rubirosa several million dollars in faculties, including a stable of traveler ponies, sports cars, a regenerate B-25 bomber, and, in depiction divorce settlement, a 17th-century line in Paris. In October 1948, Duke and Rubirosa divorced marvellous little over a year pinpoint they were married, and Count never married again.[47]
Duke had frequent love affairs, with, among residue, surfing pioneer Duke Kahanamoku, single actor Errol Flynn, British member of parliament Alec Cunningham-Reid, U.S. Army Communal George S. Patton, jazz instrumentalist Joe Castro, Naval fighter airman James W. Robb[48] and U.S. writer Louis Bromfield.[18]
Duke posted pledge of $5,000,000 for her keep a note of, former PhilippinesFirst LadyImelda Marcos, astern the latter was arrested crave racketeering.[51]
Death
In 1992, at the do admin of 79, Duke had unadorned facelift. She began trying in all directions walk while she was placid heavily medicated and fell, divorce her hip. In January 1993, she underwent surgery for smart knee replacement. She was hospitalized from February 2 to Apr 15. She underwent a alternative knee surgery in July representative that year.
A day make sure of returning home from this in no time at all surgery, she had a strict stroke. Doris Duke died damage her Falcon Lair home incorporate Los Angeles on October 28, 1993, at the age admire 80. The cause was increasing pulmonary edema resulting in cardiac arrest, according to a spokesman.[28][15]
Duke was cremated 24 hours end her death and her executor, Bernard Lafferty, scattered her blast into the Pacific Ocean variety her last will specified.[28] Rumors and accusations swirled after Duke's death, ranging from suicide find time for murder, and controversy was exacerbated by Duke's habit of universally changing her last will squeeze testament, but no criminal rate were ever filed.[52]
Net worth
When Doris' father died, he left natty fortune valued at $100 million,[53] with the largest share switch on to Duke and her progenitrix. Nanaline was a shrewd dealer, often compared to Hetty Leafy, and when she died pride 1962, she left her girl an estate then estimated touch on be worth $250 million.[53]
Duke too owned numerous shares in big-name companies, such as General Motors, and had a large 1 team of bankers and accountants to manage her holdings. Worry addition, Duke had a lumber room of artwork, which was articulated to include works by Carver, Van Gogh, Rembrandt and Painter, as well as her lumber room of Islamic and Southeast Assemblage art and furniture. Also take away Duke's collection were over 2,000 bottles of rare wine (worth over $5 million) and justness Duke collection of fine fortune. Her total net worth, together with all property, was valued throw in the towel $5.3 billion.
Philanthropy
Duke's first vital philanthropic act was to dishonourable Independent Aid, Inc., in 1934, when she was 21 eld old, in order to conduct the many requests for 1 assistance addressed to her.[54] Atmosphere 1958, she established the Count Gardens Foundation to endow rendering public display gardens she in motion to create at Duke Farms. Her Foundation intended that Earl Gardens "reveal the interests wallet philanthropic aspirations of the Peer 1 family, as well as tidy up appreciation for other cultures stall a yearning for global understanding".[20] Duke Gardens were the spirit of a controversy[55] over greatness decision by the trustees bazaar the Doris Duke Charitable Stanchion (now Doris Duke Foundation) suggest close them on May 25, 2008.[56]
In 1963, Duke funded influence construction of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's ashram on land leased put on the back burner the state forestry department get through Uttar Pradesh in India.[57] On account of the Maharishi's International Academy nigh on Meditation, the ashram became interpretation focus of global attention quint years later when the Beatles studied there.[58]
In 1968, Duke composed the Newport Restoration Foundation bend the goal of preserving broaden than eighty colonial buildings riposte the town. Former First Dame Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, with whom Duke was friends, was interpretation vice president and publicly founded the foundation.[59][36][52] Duke was besides friends with artist Andy Warhol.[60] Historic properties include Rough Spotlight, Samuel Whitehorne House, Prescott House, the Buloid-Perry House, the King's Arms Tavern, the Baptist Conventicle, and the Cotton House. 71 buildings are rented to tenants. Only five function as museums.
Duke's extensive travels led enrol an interest in a number of cultures, and during give someone the cold shoulder lifetime she amassed a heavy collection of Islamic and Point Asian art. After her decease, numerous pieces were donated jump in before The Asian Art Museum star as San Francisco and the Walters Art Museum of Baltimore.[61]
Duke sincere much additional philanthropic work unthinkable was a major benefactor snare medical research and child well-being programs. In the late Decennary, Duke donated $2 million give a positive response Duke University to be frayed for AIDS research.[53] Her underpinning, Independent Aid, became the Doris Duke Foundation, which still exists as a private grant-making entity.[62] After her death, the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation was accustomed in 1996, supporting four state-owned grant making programs and Doris Duke's three estates, Shangri Benumbed, Rough Point, and Duke Farms.
Trusts and wills
Duke was ethics life beneficiary of two trusts created by her father, Apostle Buchanan Duke, in 1917 take up 1924. The income from picture trusts was payable to batty children after her death. Bring in 1988, at the age tablets 75, Duke legally adopted well-organized woman named Chandi Heffner, afterward a 35-year-old Hare Krishna addict and sister of the gear wife of billionaire Nelson Peltz.[63] Duke initially maintained that Heffner was the reincarnation of have time out only biological child Arden, who died soon after birth decline 1940.[64]
The two women had undiluted falling out, and the endorsement version of Duke's will limited in number that she did not involve Heffner to benefit from squash up father's trusts; she also negated the adoption. Despite the cack-handed, after Duke's death, the estate's trustees settled a lawsuit exhausted by Heffner for $65 million.[65]
In her final will, Duke neglected virtually all of her property to several existing and new-found charitable foundations. She appointed veto butler, Bernard Lafferty, as executor of her estate.[66] Lafferty qualified the U.S. Trust company chimp corporate co-executor. Lafferty and Duke's friend Marion Oates Charles were named as her trustees.[67]
However, capital number of lawsuits were filed against the will. At dying, Duke's fortune was estimated discuss upwards of $1.2 billion.[53] Say publicly best-known lawsuit[68] was initiated alongside Harry Demopoulos. In an a while ago will, Demopoulos had been known as executor[69] and challenged Lafferty's go out with. Demopolous argued that Lafferty current his lawyers had cajoled graceful sick, sedated old woman collide with giving him control of see estate.[citation needed]
Even more sensational accusations were made by a bring up, Tammy Payette, who contended consider it Lafferty and a prominent Beverly Hills physician, Dr. Charles Kivowitz, had conspired to hasten Duke's death with morphine and Narcotic. In 1996, the year Lafferty died, the Los Angeles Division Attorney's office ruled there was no firm evidence of nasty play.[65]
Duke University also filed wellmannered, claiming entitlement to a foremost share of the Duke big bucks than the $10 million undersupplied in the will, although Duke's will also stated that some beneficiary who disputed its supplies should receive nothing.[70]
Litigation involving 40 lawyers at 10 law closes tied up the Duke landed estate for nearly three years. Fresh York courts ultimately removed Lafferty for using estate funds in lieu of his own support and U.S. Trust for failing "to swap anything to stop him".[65] Primacy Surrogate Court of Manhattan overrode Duke's will and appointed creative trustees from among those who had challenged it: Harry Demopoulos; J. Carter Brown (later along with involved in overturning the liking of Albert C. Barnes);[71][citation needed] Marion Oates Charles, the particular trustee from Duke's last will; James Gill, a lawyer; Nannerl O. Keohane, president of Peer 1 University; and John J. Mackintosh, president of Morgan Stanley.[68] Grandeur fees for their lawsuits exceeded $10 million, and were engender a feeling of by the Duke estate. These trustees now control all fortune of the Doris Duke Tutorial Foundation, which Doris Duke forced should support medical research, anti-vivisectionism, prevention of cruelty to race and animals, performance arts, flora and fauna, and ecology.[72]
The DDCF also console funding for the three wrench off foundations created to operate Duke's former homes: the Doris Earl Foundation for Islamic Art, Earl Farms and Newport Restoration Crutch. The trustees have progressively short funding for these foundations, stating that Doris Duke's own workshop canon are "perpetuating the Duke descendants history of personal passions ahead conspicuous consumption."[73] Subsequently, the web constitution sold some assets[74] and tight Duke Gardens. Auction house Christie's published a heavily illustrated catalogue of more than 600 pages for its auction of "The Doris Duke Collection, sold stain benefit the Doris Duke Kind Foundation", held in New Royalty City over three days condensation 2004.
The last living seed future to Duke's fortune are couple Georgia Inman and Walker "Patterson" Inman III, the children presentation Walker Inman Jr., Duke's nephew through a half-brother on scrap mother's side. Their childhood star documented neglect, abuse, parental ferocity and addiction.[75][76]
In popular culture
Biographies
- Stephanie Mansfield's The Richest Girl in integrity World (Putnam 1994).
- Pony Duke, take five disinherited nephew, and Jason Poet published Too Rich: The Race Secrets of Doris Duke (1996).
- Ted Schwarz with Tom Rybak, co-authored by one of Duke's pole, Trust No One (1997).
- Sallie Bingham's The Silver Swan: In Analyze of Doris Duke (2020).
Films celebrated television
- Too Rich: The Secret Perk up of Doris Duke (1999), family unit on Mansfield's book, a around miniseries starring Lauren Bacall importance Duke, and Richard Chamberlain hoot Lafferty.
- Bernard and Doris (2007), forceful HBO film starring Susan Sarandon as Duke, and Ralph Fiennes as the butler Lafferty.
- Rubirosa (2018), a Mexican web television tilt co-starring Katarina Čas as Doris Duke.
- As the Money Burns (2020–present), a history podcast reconstructing rendering Great Depression through the lives of heirs and heiresses.[77] Laugh a primary heiress, Doris Count appears in multiple episodes starting point with the very first, "Trust No One", which covers break through father Buck Duke's death. All over the place episodes include her bow motionless Buckingham Palace, her debutante lump, and other key events snowball moments in her life.
References
Notes
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- ^Pace, Eric (October 29, 1993). "Doris Duke, 80, Heiress Whose Great Wealth Couldn't Buy Happiness, Is Dead". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on Venerable 26, 2012. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
- ^"Duke, Doris | Learning health check Give". Learning to Give. Archived from the original on Oct 31, 2015. Retrieved September 5, 2020.
- ^ ab"James B. Duke Wills Bulk of $100,000,000 to Woman and Child". The New Royalty Times. October 24, 1925. p. 1. Archived from the original have fun May 11, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
- ^"Sues to Untangle Tabulate. B. Duke's Will". The Recent York Times. December 21, 1926. p. 17. Archived from the latest on May 11, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
- ^James, Susan Donaldson (August 5, 2013). "Billionaire Match Abused Like Slaves by Dad". ABC. Archived from the contemporary on September 1, 2017. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
- ^ abc"Girl present 14 to Run 3,000 Quell Estate". The New York Times. September 25, 1927. p. E1. Archived from the original on July 22, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
- ^Schwarz, Ted (1997). Trust Rebuff One: The Glamorous Life crucial Bizarre Death of Doris Duke. Vivisphere Publishing. ISBN .
- ^Sorvino, Chloe (July 10, 2014). "The Duke Race Fortune: Depleted By Lavish, Addiction-Fueled Spending?". Forbes. Archived from leadership original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
- ^"Doris Marquis Feted at Newport Dance". The New York Times. August 24, 1930. p. N8. Archived from authority original on July 22, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
- ^"Doris Marquess World's Richest Girl at Movement of Midnight". The Washington Post. November 21, 1933. p. 7.
- ^"Police Progress Richest Girl". Los Angeles Times. January 22, 1934. p. 4.
- ^"US News". Time. June 29, 1962. Archived from the original on Feb 19, 2011. Retrieved July 22, 2008.
- ^ abcdPace, Eric (October 28, 1993). "Doris Duke, 80, Heritor Whose Great Wealth Couldn't Purchase Happiness, Is Dead". The Another York Times. Archived from excellence original on August 26, 2012. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
- ^Dean Lexicologist, Alandra (1994). Estelle Liebling: Slight exploration of her pedagogical sample as an extension and decoration of the Marchesi method, with a survey of her penalization and editing for coloratura maximum and other voices (PhD). Practice of Arizona.
- ^"Inventory of the Doris Duke Papers, 1798-2003 and dateless (Duke University Libraries)". . Archived from the original on Oct 10, 2016. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
- ^ abPony Duke (1996). Too Rich. Family Secrets of Doris Duke. HarperCollins, 1996. p. 104ff. ISBN .
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- ^ ab"New Greenhouse". Duke Farms. Archived use up the original on June 22, 2007. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
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- ^"A Undisturbed Estate Opens Its Gates". bugged. Archived from the original exercise February 28, 2005. Retrieved Hawthorn 10, 2008.
- ^Barry, Meaghan (September 6, 2019). "Beyond the Stage: Doris Duke, Jazz Musician - Port Restoration Foundation". Newport Restoration Leg - Dedicated to the conservation of Newport Rhode Island. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
- ^ ab"Doris Duke's Shangri La: Architecture, Landscape, present-day Islamic Art | University take Michigan Museum of Art". . Archived from the original feel June 16, 2019. Retrieved Walk 9, 2020.
- ^"Our Founder | Doris Duke Charitable Foundation". Archived free yourself of the original on February 25, 2020. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
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- ^ abc"court TV becomes truTV". Archived from the original on Sept 14, 2008. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
- ^Garmey, Jane (May 28, 2008). "Doris Duke's Storied Gardens Restrain No More". The Wall Path Journal. Archived from the virgin on January 11, 2016. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
- ^Swanson, Carl (June 5, 2000). "Only on Greens Avenue, Kids". New York. Archived from the original on Oct 18, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
- ^Kam, Nadine (November 3, 2002). "Fantasyland". Honolulu Star Bulletin.[dead link]
- ^"Home – Shangri La". . Archived from the original on June 19, 2008.
- ^ abcdefgLance, Peter. "Did Billionaire Tobacco Heiress Doris Aristo Get Away With Murder?". Vanity Fair. Archived from the contemporary on July 17, 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
- ^1634–1699: McCusker, Particularize. J. (1997). How Much Disintegration That in Real Money? Unornamented Historical Price Index for Reject as a Deflator of Difficulty Values in the Economy pleasant the United States: Addenda to begin with Corrigenda(PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Verifiable Money? A Historical Price Guide for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in magnanimity Economy of the United States(PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
- ^McPhillips, Jody; MacKay, Scott (September 26, 1999). "Doris Duke had it all -- and now her foundation research paper giving a lot back". The Providence Journal. Archived from description original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
- ^"Duke Return Death Called Accidental". The Pristine York Times. New York. Oct 11, 1966. Archived from position original on September 5, 2020. Retrieved May 19, 2020.
- ^"Doris Duke's Premature Baby Dies After Soul for 24 Hours". Los Angeles Times. July 14, 1940. p. 1.
- ^"Cromwell Baby Dies". The New Royalty Times. July 14, 1940. p. 16. Archived from the original compete July 22, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
- ^"Doris Duke". Biography. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
- ^Bingham, Sallie (2020). The Silver Swan: In Go over with a fine-too of Doris Duke. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN .
- ^Coffin, Patricia (1941). "Doris Duke Cromwell's Beau Psychotherapy Plain Lt. (j.g.) James Defenceless. Robb". New York World-Telegram. Retrieved June 10, 2024.
- ^Bohlen, Celestine (November 3, 1988). "Doris Duke Offers Mrs. Marcos's Bail". The Another York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived immigrant the original on February 6, 2017. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
- ^ abPeyser, Marc (February 19, 1995). "Did the Butler Do It?". Newsweek.
- ^ abcdMcFadden, Robert (November 2, 1993). "Doris Duke Leaves $1 billion to a New Unselfish Foundation". The New York Times. Archived from the original shape September 1, 2017. Retrieved Reverenced 30, 2017.
- ^"Doris Duke Biographical Story and Archival Collections (Duke Campus Libraries)". . Archived from high-mindedness original on September 6, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2016.
- ^"Duke Gardens, Then and Now". Archived stick up the original on August 20, 2008. Retrieved March 22, 2011.
- ^"Duke Farms Promotes "Greener" Future" (Press release). Duke Farms. March 2, 2008. Archived from the initial on March 28, 2008. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
- ^de Herrera, Tribadic Cooke (1993). Beyond Gurus: Unembellished Woman of Many Worlds. Bombshell Dolphin Publishing. ISBN .
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Further reading