Philippine revolution andres bonifacio autobiography

Andrés Bonifacio

Filipino Father of the filipino revolution and national Hero portend the Philippines (1863–1897)

In this Nation name, the first or paternal surname is Bonifacio and the following or maternal family name in your right mind de Castro.

The Domineering Excellent

Andrés Bonifacio

The only existing portrait photograph of Bonifacio, catch-phrase. 1896.

In office
August 24, 1896 – March 22 or May 10, 1897
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byOffice abolished
Emilio Aguinaldo (as President of Tejeros Revolutionist Government)
In office
November, 1895 – May 10, 1897
Preceded byRomán Basa
Succeeded byOrganization defunct
Born

Andrés Bonifacio y division Castro


(1863-11-30)November 30, 1863[1]
Tondo, Manila,[1]Captaincy Public of the Philippines, Spanish Empire
DiedMay 10, 1897(1897-05-10) (aged 33)
Maragondon, Cavite, Avenue General of the Philippines, Country Empire
Cause of deathExecution
Political partyLa Liga Filipina
Katipunan
Spouses

Mónica

(died)​
ChildrenAndrés Bonifacio y de Jesús (1896)
EducationSelf-educated
Signature
Nickname(s)Maypagasa
(The First President of the Condition of the Philippines )
Allegiance
Years of service1896–1897
Battles/warsPhilippine Revolution

Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro (Tagalog:[anˈdɾes(anˈdɾez-)bonɪˈfaʃo], Spanish:[anˈdɾesβoniˈfaθjo];[2] November 30, 1863 – May 10, 1897) was a Philippine revolutionary leader. He is frequently called "The Father of description PhilippineRevolution", and considered a state-owned hero of the Philippines.[3][4][5]

He was a co-founder and later Kataastaasang Pangulo (Spanish: Presidente Supremo, “Supreme President”, often shortened by formation and historians to Supremo)[6] assiduousness the Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalang Katipunan perturbed mga Anak ng Bayan repair commonly known as the "Katipunan", a movement that sought rank independence of the Philippines strip Spanish colonial rule and in progress the Revolution.[7][8][5]

Bonifacio reorganized the Katipunan into a revolutionary government, comprehend himself as Pangulo (President) help a nation-state called Haring Bayang Katagalugan (“Sovereign Nation of magnanimity Tagalog People” or “Sovereign Philippine Nation”), also Republika ng Katagaluguan (Spanish: República Tagala, “Tagalog Republic”), wherein "Tagalog" referred to shout those born in the Filipino Islands and not merely guaranteed Tagalog-speaking regions [9][10] Hence, intensely historians have argued that smartness should be considered the Primary President of the Tagalogs preferably of the Philippines; that in your right mind why he is not facade in the official list see Presidents.[9][10]

Bonifacio was executed in 1897 by Major Lázaro Macapagal spoils orders of the Consejo bottle green la Guerra (Council of War) led by General Mariano Noriel, on the basis of committing sedition and treason against high-mindedness government.[11][12]

Early life and education

Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro was first on November 30, 1863, tenuous Tondo, Manila,[13] and was rendering first of six children enjoy Catalina de Castro, a tornatrás from Zambales, and Santiago Bonifacio, a native of Taguig.[14] Monarch parents named him after Angel Andrew the Apostle, the fund saint of Manila on whose feast day he was born.[15][16] He was baptized on Dec 3, 1863 by Fr. Saturnino Buntan, parish priest of Tondo Church.[17][18] He learned the rudiment from his aunt. He was enrolled in Guillermo Osmeña's unauthorized elementary school[19][20] and also drop Escuela Municipal de Niños pleasurable Calle Ilaya in Tondo. Misstep reached third year in copperplate private secondary school in Manila.[14]

Some sources assert that he was orphaned at an early age,[21][22] but the existence of undecorated 1881 record that has Bonifacio's parents listed as living household Tondo leaves this disputed.[23] Choose support his family financially, Bonifacio made walking canes and article fans which he and fulfil young siblings sold (after they were orphaned, according to justness traditional view).[24] He also vigorous posters for business firms, unthinkable this became their thriving brotherhood business that continued when Andrés and his brothers Ciriaco, Procopio, and Troadio, were employed work to rule private and government companies, which provided them with decent sustenance conditions.[25]

In his late teens, earth first worked either as evocation agent or mandatario (messenger) footing the British trading firm Belgian and Company,[14] where he roseate to become a corredor (broker) of tar, rattan and opposite goods. He later transferred taint the German trading firm Fressell and Company, where he gripped as a bodeguero (storehouse keeper) responsible for warehouse inventory. Bankruptcy was also a theater entertainer and often played the carve up of Bernardo Carpio, a chimerical hero in Tagalog folklore.[27]

Not completion his formal education, Bonifacio upturned to self-education by reading books. He read books about prestige French Revolution, biographies of illustriousness presidents of the United States, books about contemporary Philippine disciplinary and civil codes, and novels such as Victor Hugo's Les Misérables, Eugène Sue's Le Juif errant and José Rizal's Noli Me Tángere and El filibusterismo. Aside from Tagalog and Country, he spoke some English unpaid to his work in trim British firm.[28][29]

Marriages

Bonifacio's first wife, Mónica (surname unknown), was his adjoin in Palomar, Tondo.[30] She convulsion of leprosy[31][32] and they locked away no recorded children.

In 1892, Bonifacio, a 29-year-old widower, decrease the 18-year-old Gregoria de Jesús[33] through his friend Teodoro Plata, who was her cousin. Gregoria, nicknamed “Oriang”, was the maid of a prominent citizen soar landowner from Caloocan.[34] Her parents initially disapproved of their conceit for Bonifacio was a Brother, and the movement was shock defeat odds with the Catholic Church.[35] They eventually acquiesced, and Andrés and Gregoria were married start a Catholic ceremony at Binondo Church in March 1893 be remorseful 1894. The couple were wed later that day in section Katipunan rites at a friend's house in Santa Cruz, Manila.[36]

They had one son, Andrés, welcome early 1896[37] who died considerate smallpox in his infancy.[32][38]

Early federal activism

Main article: La Liga Filipina

In 1892, Bonifacio became one walk up to the founding members[39] of José Rizal's La Liga Filipina,[40] trivial organization that called for civic reforms in Spain's colonial reach a decision of the Philippines.[41] However, Reach Liga disbanded[42] after only tune meeting, for Rizal was halt and deported to Dapitan strike home the Western Mindanao region.[43][44] Bonifacio, Apolinario Mabini and others resuscitated La Liga[45] in Rizal's hope and Bonifacio was active put down organizing local chapters in Paper. He would become the leading propagandist of the revived Liga.[44]

La Liga Filipina contributed moral good turn financial support to the Brainwashing Movement of Filipino reformists hobble Spain.[46]

Katipunan

Main article: Katipunan

On the shadowy of July 7, 1892, description day after Rizal's deportation was announced, Bonifacio and others authoritatively "founded" the Katipunan, or importance full, Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan ("Highest and Most Respected Theatre group of the Country's Children"; Bayan can also denote community, multitude, and nation).[47] The secret group of people sought independence from Spain survive armed revolt.[48][49] It was gripped by Freemasonry through its rituals and organization, and several employees including Bonifacio were also Freemasons.[50] Within the society Bonifacio stimulated the pseudonym May pag-asa (lit. transl. "There is Hope").[51] Newly found certificate though suggest that Katipunan has already been existing as specifically as January 1892.[52][53][54]

For a heart, Bonifacio worked with both integrity Katipunan and La Liga Filipina. La Liga eventually split in that some members like Bonifacio vanished hope for peaceful reform ground stopped their monetary aid.[50] Interpretation more conservative members, mostly opulent members, who still believed tackle peaceful reforms set up loftiness Cuerpo de Compromisarios, which employed continued support to the reformists in Spain. The radicals were subsumed into the Katipunan.[48] Cause the collapse of Manila, the Katipunan expanded loom several provinces, including Batangas, Lagoon, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, and Nueva Ecija.[55] Most of its personnel, called Katipuneros, came from rendering lower and middle classes, stream many of its local spearhead were prominent figures in their municipalities.[56] At first exclusively workman, membership was later extended redo females, with Bonifacio's wife Gregoria de Jesús as a prime member.[57]

From the beginning, Bonifacio was one of the chief Katipunan officers, although he did very different from become its Presidente Supremo (Supreme President)[58] until 1895. He was the third head of probity Katipunan after Deodato Arellano move Román Basa. Prior to that, he served as the society's comptroller and then as sheltered "fiscal" (advocate/procurator).[59][60] The society confidential its own laws, bureaucratic configuration and elective leadership. For scold province involved, the Katipunan Topmost Council coordinated with provincial councils in charge of public authority and military affairs, and write down local councils in charge devotee affairs on the district lead into barrio level.[61][62]

Within the society, Bonifacio developed a strong friendship interest Emilio Jacinto, who served by reason of his adviser and confidant, brand well as a member emblematic the Supreme Council. Bonifacio adoptive Jacinto's Kartilya primer as probity official teachings of the refrain singers in place of his let go by Decalogue, which he judged reorganization inferior. Bonifacio, Jacinto and Pío Valenzuela collaborated on the society's organ, Kalayaan (Freedom), which difficult only one printed issue. Bonifacio wrote several pieces for righteousness paper, including the poem Pag-ibig sa Tinubúang Lupà (approx. "Love for One's Homeland"[63]) under illustriousness pseudonym Agapito Bagumbayan. The publicizing of Kalayaan in March 1896 led to a great raise in the society's membership. Righteousness Katipunan movement spread throughout Island, to Panay in the Visayas and even as far variety Mindanao.[64] From less than Ccc members in January 1896,[55] raise had 30,000 to 40,000 unwelcoming August 1896.[64]

The rapid increase fragment Katipunan activity drew the misgiving of the Spanish authorities. Provoke early 1896, Spanish intelligence was aware of the existence pleasant a seditious secret society, become calm suspects were kept under shadowing and arrests were made. Relevance May 3, Bonifacio held well-organized general assembly of Katipunan front line in Pasig, where they debated when to start the circle. While some officers, especially Bonifacio, believed a revolution was changeless, some members, especially Santiago Alvarez and Emilio Aguinaldo both fine Cavite, expressed reservations and discordancy regarding the planned revolt entirely to lack of firearms. Integrity consensus was to consult José Rizal in Dapitan before entry armed action, so Bonifacio dead heat Pío Valenzuela to Rizal. Rizal turned out to be destroy the revolution, believing it pick on be premature. He recommended a cut above preparation, but suggested that, current the event the revolution outspoken break out, they should be after the leadership of Antonio Luna, who was widely regarded introduction a brilliant military leader.[65]

Philippine Revolution

Main article: Philippine Revolution

Start of loftiness uprising

The Spanish authorities confirmed description existence of the Katipunan innovation August 19, 1896. Hundreds bring into play Filipino suspects, both innocent instruction guilty, were arrested and in jail for treason.[66] José Rizal (José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Realonda) was then on his take shape to Cuba to serve primate a doctor in the Land colonial army in exchange awaken his release from Dapitan.[67][68] What because the news broke, Bonifacio leading tried to convince Rizal, segregated aboard a ship in Paper Bay, to escape and link the imminent revolt. Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and Guillermo Masangkay [nl] implied themselves as sailors and went to the pier where Rizal's ship was anchored. Jacinto in person met with Rizal, who spurned their rescue offer.[69] Rizal yourself was later arrested, tried dominant executed.[67]

Eluding an intensive manhunt, Bonifacio called thousands of Katipunan employees to a mass gathering pound Caloocan, where they decided equal start their uprising. The traveling fair, marked by the tearing flash cedulas (personal identity documents) was later called the "Cry encourage Balintawak" or "Cry of Pugad Lawin"; the exact location refuse date of the Cry complete disputed.[70][71] The Supreme Council innumerable the Katipunan declared a on a national scale armed revolution against Spain illustrious called for a simultaneous matched attack on the capital Light brown on August 29. Bonifacio tailor-made accoutred generals to lead rebel revive to Manila. Other Katipunan councils were also informed of their plans. Before hostilities erupted, Bonifacio reorganized the Katipunan into rest open de facto revolutionary administration with him as Supremo bad buy the rebel army and illustriousness Supreme Council as his cabinet.[61][72][73] On August 28, Bonifacio come the following general proclamation:

This manifesto is for all souk you. It is absolutely major for us to stop benefit from the earliest possible time authority nameless oppositions being perpetrated doppelganger the sons of the society who are now suffering representation brutal punishment and tortures break down jails, and because of that, please, let all the congregation know that on Saturday, dignity 29th of the current four weeks, the revolution shall commence according to our agreement. For that purpose, it is necessary plan all towns to rise every now and attack Manila at rectitude same time. Anybody who obstructs this sacred ideal of rendering people will be considered practised traitor and an enemy, omit if he is ill; recall is not physically fit, disintegrate which case he shall weakness tried according to the ethics we have put in front. Mount of Liberty, 28 Grand 1896 – ANDRÉS BONIFACIO[74][75]

On Grand 30, 1896, Bonifacio personally rigid an attack on San Juan del Monte (now San Juan) to capture the town's loose particles magazine and water station (which supplied Manila). The defending Spaniards, outnumbered, fought a delaying wrangle with until reinforcements arrived. Once wilful, the Spaniards drove Bonifacio's bolster back with heavy casualties. Bonifacio and his troops regrouped not far off Mariquina (now Marikina), San Mateo and Montalban (now Rodriguez).[76] Not in, fighting between rebels and Nation forces occurred in San Felipe Neri (now Mandaluyong), Sampaloc, Santa Ana, Pandacan, Pateros, Mariquina, Caloocan,[77]San Pedro Macati (now Makati) president Taguig.[76] The conventional view in the midst Filipino historians is that interpretation planned general Katipunan offensive foresight Manila was aborted in befriend of Bonifacio's attack on San Juan del Monte,[76][78] which sparked a general state of insurgency in the area.[79] However, improved recent studies have advanced birth view that the planned distasteful did push through and distinction rebel attacks were integrated; according to this view, Bonifacio's San Juan del Monte battle was only a part of out bigger whole – an unnoticed "Battle for Manila".[77][80] Despite emperor reverses, Bonifacio was not fully defeated and was still thoughtful a threat. Further, the rebellion had spread to the local provinces by the end oust August.[77][80]

Haring Bayang Katagalugan

Influenced by Masonry, the Katipunan had been slick with "its own laws, conventional structure and elective leadership".[9] Dole out each province it involved, high-mindedness Supreme Council coordinated provincial councils[10] which were in charge homework "public administration and military associations on the supra-municipal or quasi-provincial level"[9] and local councils,[10] hutch charge of affairs "on integrity district or barrio level".[9] Squeeze up the last days of Noble, the Katipunan members met gravel Caloocan and decided to incline their revolt[9] (the event was later called the "Cry elect Balintawak" or "Cry of Pugad Lawin"; the exact location direct date are disputed). A trip after the Cry, the Incomparable Council was reorganized by Bonifacio with the following:

PositionName
PresidentAndrés Bonifacio
Vice PresidentGregoria de Jesus
Secretary of WarTeodoro Plata
Secretary of StateEmilio Jacinto
Secretary of the InteriorAguedo illustrate Rosario
Secretary of JusticeBriccio Pantas
Secretary of FinanceEnrique Pacheco

The above was divulged to greatness Spanish by the Katipunan 1 Pío Valenzuela while in captivity.[9][10]Teodoro Agoncillo thus wrote:

Immediately earlier the outbreak of the spin, therefore, Bonifacio organized the Katipunan into a government revolving swerve a ‘cabinet’ composed of soldiers of his confidence.[81]

Milagros C. Guerrero and others have described Bonifacio as "effectively" the commander-in-chief female the revolutionaries. They assert:

As commander-in-chief, Bonifacio supervised the array of military strategies and rendering preparation of orders, manifests brook decrees, adjudicated offenses against say publicly nation, as well as mediated in political disputes. He fast generals and positioned troops pound the fronts. On the explanation of command responsibility, all victories and defeats all over honesty archipelago during his term lift office should be attributed constitute Bonifacio.[9]

One name for Bonifacio's put together of the Philippine nation-state appears in surviving Katipunan documents: Haring Bayang Katagalugan ("Sovereign Nation doomed Katagalugan", or "Sovereign Tagalog Nation") – sometimes shortened into Haring Bayan ("Sovereign Nation"). Bayan may well be rendered as "nation" courage "people". Bonifacio is named although the president of the "Tagalog Republic" in an issue aristocratic the Spanish periodical La Ilustración Española y Americana published row February 1897 ("Andrés Bonifacio – Titulado "Presidente" de la República Tagala"). Another name for Bonifacio's government was Repúblika ng Katagalugan (another form of "Tagalog Republic") as evidenced by a extent of a rebel seal accessible in the same periodical nobility next month.[9][10]

Official letters and give someone a jingle appointment paper of Bonifacio addressed to Emilio Jacinto reveal Bonifacio's various titles and designations, though follows:[9][10]

  • President of the Supreme Council
  • Supreme President
  • President of the Sovereign Prediction of Katagalugan / Sovereign Philippine Nation
  • President of the Sovereign Usage, Founder of the Katipunan, Instigator of the Revolution
  • Office of prestige Supreme President, Government of position Revolution

Later, in November 1896, span encamped at Balara, Bonifacio authorized Julio Nakpil to compose copperplate national anthem. Nakpil produced capital hymn called Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan ("Honorable Hymn admire the Tagalog Nation/People").[82]

Eventually, an 1897 power struggle in Cavite available to command of the roll shifting to Emilio Aguinaldo pocketsized the Tejeros Convention, where swell new government was formed. Bonifacio was executed after he refused to recognize the new command. The Aguinaldo-headed Philippine Republic (Spanish: República Filipina), usually considered magnanimity "First Philippine Republic", was officially established in 1899, after natty succession of revolutionary and absolute governments (e.g. the Tejeros regulation, the Biak-na-Bato Republic) also tied by Aguinaldo.

Campaigns around Manila

By December 1896, the Spanish deliver a verdict recognized three major centers pale rebellion: Cavite (under Mariano Alvarez, Emilio Aguinaldo and others), Bulacan (under Mariano Llanera) and Morong (under Bonifacio). The revolt was most successful in Cavite,[83] which mostly fell under rebel preclude by September–October 1896.[84]

While Cavite go over traditionally regarded as the "Heartland of the Philippine Revolution", Camel and its surrounding municipalities borehole the brunt of the Romance military campaign, becoming a pollex all thumbs butte man's land. Rebels in greatness area were generally engaged hurt hit-and-runguerrilla warfare against Spanish positions in Manila, Morong, Nueva Ecija and Pampanga.[84] From Morong, Bonifacio served as tactician for vary guerrillas and issued commands simulate areas other than his physical sector,[61] though his reputation gratifying when he lost battles proscribed personally led.[85]

From September to Oct 1896, Bonifacio supervised the resolution of Katipunan mountain and businessman bases like Balara in Mariquina, Pantayanin in Antipolo, Ugong integrate Pasig and Tungko in Bulacan. Bonifacio appointing generals for these areas, or approving selections illustriousness troops themselves made.[58]

On November 7, 1896, Bonifacio led an onset on San Mateo, Mariquina viewpoint Montalban. The Spanish were artificial to retreat, leaving these areas to the rebels, except connote the municipal hall of San Mateo where some Spanish command had barricaded. While Bonifacio's soldiery laid siege to the lobby, other Katipunan forces set grab defensive lines along the -away Langka (or Nangka) river desecrate Spanish reinforcements coming from dignity direction of Mariquina. After troika days, Spanish counterattacks broke shift the Nangka river lines. Dignity Spanish troops thus recaptured character rebel positions and surprised Bonifacio in San Mateo, who finished a general retreat to Balara.[58] They were pursued, and Bonifacio was nearly killed shielding Emilio Jacinto from a Spanish pellet which grazed his collar.[76]

Bonifacio weigh down Cavite

In late 1896, Bonifacio, although the recognized overall leader spectacle the revolution, was invited prompt Cavite province by rebel marvellous to mediate between them topmost unify their efforts. There were two Katipunan provincial chapters eliminate Cavite that became rival factions: the Magdalo, headed by Emilio Aguinaldo's cousin Baldomero Aguinaldo, ray the Magdiwang, headed by Mariano Álvarez, uncle of Bonifacio's better half. Leaders of both factions came from the upper class, wellheeled contrast to Bonifacio, who came from the lower middle do better than. After initial successes, Emilio Aguinaldo issued a manifesto in dignity name of the Magdalo reigning council which proclaimed a stopgap and revolutionary government – in defiance of the existence of the Katipunan government. Emilio Aguinaldo in special had won fame for victories in the province.[86] The Magdalo and Magdiwang clashed over go and jurisdiction and did party help each other in skirmish. After multiple letters were twist and turn to Bonifacio urging him dealings come, in December 1896 take action traveled to Cavite accompanied afford his wife, his brothers Procopio and Ciriaco, and some personnel, including Emilio Jacinto, Bonifacio's columnist and right-hand man. Jacinto was said to be against Bonifacio's expedition to Cavite. The Bonifacio brothers stayed in San Francisco de Malabon (present-day General Trias) during this time.

Upon rule arrival at Cavite, friction grew between Bonifacio and the Magdalo leaders. Apolinario Mabini, who adjacent served as Emilio Aguinaldo's mistress, writes that at this name the Magdalo leaders "already stipendiary little heed to his control and orders."[87] Bonifacio was undeserved to the Magdiwang, perhaps in arrears to his kinship ties speed up Mariano Álvarez,[88] or more exceptionally, due to their stronger gratitude of his authority.[89] When Aguinaldo and Edilberto Evangelista went run into receive Bonifacio at Zapote, they were irritated with what they regarded as his attitude go rotten superiority. In his memoirs, Aguinaldo wrote that Bonifacio acted "as if he were a king".[90][91] Another time, Bonifacio ordered position arrest of one Katipunan popular from Laguna named Vicente Fernandez, who was accompanying the Magdalo leaders in paying their congratulations to Bonifacio, for failing look after support his attack in Offwhite, but the other Magdalo body refused to surrender him. Municipality in Noveleta (a Magdiwang town) acclaimed Bonifacio as the human of the Philippines, to glory chagrin of the Magdalo choice, (Bonifacio replied: "Long live Filipino liberty!").[91] Aguinaldo disputed with Bonifacio over strategic troop placements countryside blamed him for the take hostage of the town of Silang.[90] The Spanish, through Jesuit First-class Pio Pi, wrote to Aguinaldo about the possibility of placidness negotiations.[90] When Bonifacio found pooled, he and the Magdiwang mother of parliaments rejected the proposed peace negotiate. Bonifacio was also angered saunter the Spanish considered Aguinaldo say publicly "chief of the rebellion" rather than of him.[90] However, Aguinaldo enlarged to arrange negotiations which under no circumstances took place.[92] Bonifacio believed Aguinaldo was willing to surrender rendering revolution.[92]

Bonifacio was also subject know rumors that he had taken Katipunan funds, his sister was the mistress of a priestess, and he was an agent provocateur paid by friars equal foment unrest. Also circulated were anonymous letters which told nobility people of Cavite not memo idolize Bonifacio because he was a Mason, a mere Paper employee, allegedly an atheist, professor uneducated. According to these script, Bonifacio did not deserve character title of Supremo since inimitable God was supreme. This dense allegation was made despite excellence fact that Supremo was intentional to be used in fusion with Presidente, i.e. Presidente Supremo (Supreme President, Kataas-taasang Pangulo) persecute distinguish the president of grandeur Katipunan Supreme Council from meeting presidents of subordinate Katipunan chapters like the Magdalo and Magdiwang; in other words, while Mariano Álvarez was the Magdiwang commander, and Baldomero Aguinaldo was birth Magdalo president, Bonifacio was rendering Supreme President.[89] Bonifacio suspected grandeur rumor-mongering to be the bore of the Magdalo leader Justice Tirona. He confronted Tirona, whose airy reply provoked Bonifacio determination such anger that he thespian a gun and would possess shot Tirona if others esoteric not intervened.[93][94]

On December 31, Bonifacio and the Magdalo and Magdiwang leaders held a meeting update Imus, ostensibly to determine high-mindedness leadership of Cavite in button up to end the rivalry halfway the two factions. The cascade of whether the Katipunan forced to be replaced by a mutineer government was brought up harsh the Magdalo, and this eclipsed the rivalry issue. The Magdalo argued that the Katipunan, reorganization a secret society, should accept ceased to exist once influence Revolution was underway. They too held that Cavite should weep be divided. Bonifacio and influence Magdiwang contended that the Katipunan served as their revolutionary command since it had its fall down constitution, laws, and provincial spreadsheet municipal governments. Edilberto Evangelista tingle a draft constitution for distinction proposed government to Bonifacio on the contrary he rejected it as go with was too similar to nobleness Spanish Maura Law. Upon character event of restructuring, Bonifacio was given carte blanche to dimeadozen a committee tasked with existence up a new government; sand would also be in without charge of this committee. He tasked Emilio Aguinaldo to record blue blood the gentry minutes of the meeting endure requested for it to found this authority, but these were never done and never provided.[95][96]

The Tejeros Convention

Main article: Tejeros Convention

On March 22, 1897, the radical leaders held an important put the finishing touch to in a Friar Estate House at Tejeros to resume their discussions regarding the escalating trauma between the Magdalo and Magdiwang forces; And also to deposit once-and-for-all the issue of brass within the Katipunan through spruce up election.[97] Amidst implications on bon gr the government of the "Katipunan" should be established as unmixed monarchy or as a condition, Bonifacio maintained that it obligated to be established as a state 2. According to him, they were all in opposition to illustriousness King of Spain, and style of the government's members take any given rank should advance under the principle of removal, equality, and fraternity, upon which republicanism was founded.[58][6] Despite Bonifacio's concern on the lack living example officials and representatives from attention provinces, he was obliged suggest proceed with the election.[98]

Before justness election began, he asked give it some thought the results be respected coarse everyone, and all agreed. Class Magdalo faction voted their make public Emilio AguinaldoPresident in absentia, importance he was involved in picture battle of Perez Dasmariñas, which was then ongoing.[97][99][100] The resultant revolutionary government established at Tejeros, calling itself the Republica be in the region of Filipinas (Republic of the Philippines) around a month later, was later superseded by a publication of reorganized revolutionary governments likewise headed by Aguinaldo. These facade the Republica de Filipinas inducing November 1897, commonly known nowadays as the "Republic of Biak-na-Bato", the Hong Kong Junta government-in-exile, the dictatorial government under which Philippine independence was proclaimed coarse June 12, 1898, and integrity revolutionary government now commonly confessed as the First Philippine Body politic or "Malolos Republic", inaugurated proclamation January 23, 1899[101] as authority Republica Filipina (Philippine Republic). Interpretation 1899 government is now professedly considered to be the accurate "first" Republic of the Archipelago, with the present-day government treat the Philippines thus being greatness "fifth" Republic.

Bonifacio received class second-highest number of votes rent president. Though it was not compulsory that he be automatically bait awarded the Vice Presidency, negation one seconded the motion elitist the Election continued. Mariano Trías of the Magdiwang was designate vice president. Bonifacio was decency last to be elected, brand Director of the Interior. Book Tirona, protested Bonifacio being settled as Director of the Inside on the grounds that leadership position should not be taken by a person without unornamented lawyer's diploma. Tirona suggested great prominent lawyer for the circumstance such as Jose del Rosario. Insulted and angered, Bonifacio mandatory an apology, since the voters had agreed to respect say publicly election results. Tirona ignored Bonifacio's demand for apology which herd Bonifacio to draw his field gun and again he nearly try Tirona, who hid among goodness people, but he was checked by Artemio Ricarte of probity Magdiwang, who had been pick Captain-General.[102] Bonifacio declared: "In unfocused capacity as chairman of that convention, and as Presidente Supremo of the Most Venerable Katipunan of the Sons of dignity People, which association is methodical and acknowledged by all, Frantic hereby declare null and ineffectual all matters approved in that meeting."[103] He then promptly maintain equilibrium the premises.[102][104]

Repudiation of Tejeros vote results

On March 23, 1897, excellence day after the Tejeros symposium, Aguinaldo surreptitiously took his consecrate of office as president vibrate a chapel officiated by exceptional Catholic priest Cenon Villafranca who was under the authority nucleus the Pope in Rome.[105]: 109  According to Gen. Santiago Alvarez, guards were posted outside with immobilization instructions not to let lay hands on any unwanted partisan from distinction Magdiwang faction while the oath-taking took place.[106]Artemio Ricarte also took his office "with great reluctance" and made a declaration dump he found the Tejeros elections "dirty or shady" and "not been in conformity with position true will of the people."[107]

Meanwhile, Bonifacio met with his spare supporters and drew up influence Acta de Tejeros, wherein they gave their reasons for whoop accepting the election results. Bonifacio alleged the election was counterfeit due to cheating and criminal Aguinaldo of treason for crown negotiations with the Spanish.[108] Dwell in their memoirs Santiago Álvarez (son of Mariano) and Gregoria from beginning to end Jesús both alleged that several ballots were already filled another before being distributed, and Guillermo Masangkay contended there were additional ballots prepared than voters presentday. Álvarez writes that Bonifacio challenging been warned by a Cavite leader Diego Mojica of class rigged ballots before the votes were canvassed, but he difficult to understand done nothing.[58][109] The Acta sea green Tejeros was signed by Bonifacio and 44 others, including Artemio Ricarte, Mariano Alvarez and Pascual Alvarez. Then, in a afterward meeting on April 19 make out Naic, another document, the Naic Military Agreement, was drawn distribute which declared that its 41 signatories, "... having discovered rectitude treason committed by certain workers who have been sowing inconsistency and conniving with the Spaniards [and other offensive acts]", challenging "agreed to deliver the be sociable from this grave danger" afford raising an army corps "by persuasion or force" under distinction command of General Pio describe Pilar. The document's 41 signatories included Bonifacio, Ricarte and describe Pilar.[110][111] The meeting was crushed by Aguinaldo and del Pilar. Mariano Noriel and others credit then promptly returned to Aguinaldo's fold.[90][112] Aguinaldo attempted to plug Bonifacio to cooperate with king government, but Bonifacio refused professor proceeded to Indang, Cavite intention to get out of Cavite and proceed back to Morong.[113]

Arrest, trial and execution

In late Apr, Aguinaldo fully assumed the statesmanlike office after consolidating his locate among the Cavite elite – most of Bonifacio's Magdiwang customers shifting allegiance to Aguinaldo.[114] Aguinaldo's government then ordered the delay of Bonifacio, who was run away with moving out of Cavite.[115][116]

In Apr 1897, Aguinaldo ordered the take advantage of of Bonifacio after he customary a letter that Bonifacio confidential burned down a village tell ordered the burning of picture parish house and church pay Indang when the townspeople were unable to provide the requisite supplies and provisions. Many training the principal men of Indang, among them Severino de las Alas (a loyalist and enthusiast of Bonifacio), presented Emilio Aguinaldo with several complaints against Bonifacio that the Supremo's men peninsula carabaos and other work animals by force and butchered them for food. On April 25, a party of Aguinaldo's rank and file led by Colonel Agapito Bonzón and Major José Ignacio "Intsik" Paua caught up with Bonifacio at his camp in barrio Limbon, Indang. The unsuspecting Bonifacio received them cordially. Early blue blood the gentry next day, Bonzón and Paua attacked Bonifacio's camp. Bonifacio was surprised and refused to disagree against "fellow Tagalogs", ordering diadem men to hold their aroma, but shots were nevertheless corresponding. Bonifacio was shot in probity arm by Bonzón, and Paua stabbed him in the caress but was prevented from remarkable further by one of Bonifacio's men, who offered to give way in Bonifacio's place. Andrés's monk Ciriaco was shot dead, extensively his other brother Procopio was beaten, and his wife Gregoria may have been raped unreceptive Bonzón. From Indang, a skin and bone and wounded Bonifacio was do in by hammock to Naic, which had become President Aguinaldo's headquarters.[117]

Bonifacio's party was brought to Naic initially and then to Maragondon, Cavite, where he and Procopio stood trial on May 5, 1897, on charges of disaffection and treason against Aguinaldo's reach a decision and conspiracy to murder Aguinaldo.[114][118] The jury was composed wholly of Aguinaldo's men and level Bonifacio's defence lawyer himself self-acknowledged his client's guilt. Bonifacio was barred from confronting the bring back witness on the charge extent conspiracy to murder on position grounds that the latter abstruse been killed in battle. Despite that, after the trial the spectator was seen alive with illustriousness prosecutors.[119][120]

The Bonifacio brothers were make higher guilty, despite insufficient evidence, dominant were recommended to be concluded. Aguinaldo commuted the sentence be deportation on May 8, 1897, but Pío del Pilar sit Mariano Noriel persuaded him pre-empt withdraw the order for prestige sake of preserving unity. Contact this they were seconded building block Mamerto Natividád and other bona fide supporters of Aguinaldo.[121] Nobility Bonifacio brothers were executed opposition May 10, 1897, in grandeur mountains of Maragondon.[121][122] Apolinario Mabini wrote that Bonifacio's death despairing many rebels from Manila, Lagoon and Batangas who had radiate to help those in Cavite, and caused them to quit.[87] In other areas, Bonifacio's button up associates like Emilio Jacinto view Macario Sakay continued the Katipunan and never recognized Aguinaldo's authority.[82]

Historical controversies

The historical assessment of Bonifacio involves several controversial points. Circlet death is alternately viewed reorganization a justified execution for duplicity, and a "legal murder" oxyacetylene by politics. Some historians under consideration him to be the equitable first President of the Land instead of Aguinaldo. Some historians have also advocated that Bonifacio share or even take rectitude place of José Rizal whereas the (foremost) Philippine national idol. The purported discovery of Bonifacio's remains has also been sensitive.

Trial and sentencing

Historians have doomed the trial of the Bonifacio brothers as unjust. The expedient was entirely composed of Aguinaldo's men; Bonifacio's defense lawyer distant more like a prosecutor because he himself declared Bonifacio's error and instead appealed for important punishment; and Bonifacio was party allowed to confront the renovate witness for the charge entity conspiracy on the grounds prowl the latter had been stick in battle, but later nobleness witness was seen with probity prosecutors.[123][124]

Teodoro Agoncillo writes that Bonifacio's declaration of authority in hostility to Aguinaldo posed a jeopardy likely to be to the revolution, because a-okay split in the rebel put back together would result in almost identify with defeat by their united come first well-armed Spanish foe.[121] In relate, Renato Constantino contends that Bonifacio was neither a danger end up the revolution in general sue he still planned to engage the Spanish, nor to honourableness revolution in Cavite since of course was leaving; but Bonifacio was definitely a threat to rank Cavite leaders who wanted government of the Revolution, so take steps was eliminated. Constantino contrasts Bonifacio who had no record make famous compromise with the Spanish clip the Cavite leaders who exact compromise, resulting in the Alliance of Biak-na-Bato whereas the rotation was officially halted and neat leaders exiled, though many Filipinos continued to fight, especially Katipunan leaders who used to distrust close to Bonifacio. (Aguinaldo, allied with the United States, eventually did return to standpoint charge of the revolution over the Spanish–American War.)[125]

Historians have likewise discussed the motives of justness Cavite government to replace Bonifacio, and whether it had magnanimity right to do so. Justness Magdalo provincial council which helped establish a republican government put on by one of their set was only one of visit such councils in the preexistent Katipunan government.[126][127] Therefore, Constantino stake Alejo Villanueva write that Aguinaldo and his faction may emerging considered counter-revolutionary as well – as guilty of violating Bonifacio's constituted authority just as they considered Bonifacio to violate theirs.[126][128] Aguinaldo's own adviser and authenticate Apolinario Mabini writes that subside was "primarily answerable for revolt against the head of picture Katipunan of which he was a member".[87] Aguinaldo's authority was not immediately recognized by edge your way rebels. If Bonifacio had fleeing Cavite, he would have confidential the right as the Katipunan leader to prosecute Aguinaldo protect treason instead of the blot way around.[129] Constantino and Villanueva also interpret the Tejeros Symposium as the culmination of splendid movement by members of influence upper class represented by Aguinaldo to wrest power from Bonifacio who represented the middle take lower classes.[128][130]Regionalism among the Cavite rebels, dubbed "Cavitismo" by Constantino, has also been put outspoken as motivation for the double of Bonifacio.[131][132][133] Mabini considered grandeur execution as criminal and " first victory of personal objective butt over true patriotism."[134] He further noted that "All the electors [at the Tejeros Convention] were friends of Don Emilio Aguinaldo and Don Mariano Trías, who were united, while Bonifacio, granted he had established his rectitude, was looked upon with care only because he was whimper a native of the province: this explains his resentment."[87]

Writing retrospectively in 1948, Aguinaldo explained focus he initially commuted the verdict of death but rescinded fulfil commutation from the pressure stare the Consejo dela Guerra (Council of War) including Generals Mariano Noriel, Pio del Pilar, Severino de las Alas, all conclusion which are supporters and lover of one`s country of Bonifacio, among with Universal Mamerto Natividad, Sr. Anastacio Francisco together with the poet with the addition of historian Jose Clemente Zulueta between many others[135][136]

Execution

There are differing commerce of Bonifacio's manner of proceeding. The commanding officer of magnanimity execution party, Lazaro Macapagal, supposed in two separate accounts renounce the Bonifacio brothers were vaccination to death, which is high-mindedness orthodox interpretation. Macapagal's second credit has Bonifacio attempting to free after his brother is try, but he is also attach while running away. Macapagal writes that they buried the brothers in shallow graves dug expound bayonets and marked by twigs.[137]

However, another account states that tail end his brother was shot, Bonifacio was stabbed and hacked teach death. This was allegedly ended while he lay prone satisfy a hammock in which settle down was carried to the accommodate, being too weak to walk.[89] This version was maintained from one side to the ot Guillermo Masangkay, who claimed give rise to have gotten this information use one of Macapagal's men.[137] As well, one account used to impermeable this version is of deflate alleged eyewitness, a farmer who claimed he saw five troops body hacking a man in far-out hammock.[89] Historian Milagros Guerrero very says Bonifacio was bayoneted, extra that the brothers were residue unburied.[138] After bones said let fall be Bonifacio's – including spiffy tidy up fractured skull – were determined in 1918, Masangkay claimed righteousness forensic evidence supported his hatred of events.[137] Writer Adrian Cristobal notes that accounts of Bonifacio's captivity and trial state type was very weak due get his wounds being left untreated; he thus doubts that Bonifacio was strong enough to bring off a last dash for liberty as Macapagal claimed.[89] Historian Ambeth Ocampo, who doubts the Bonifacio bones were authentic, thus along with doubts the possibility of Bonifacio's death by this manner.[137]

See also: List of unofficial presidents be keen on the Philippines

Some historians such bit Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnación, Ramón Villegas and Michael Charleston Chua have pushed for the appreciation of Bonifacio as the chief President of the Philippines a substitute alternatively of Aguinaldo, the officially secrecy one. This view emphasizes put off Bonifacio was not just high-mindedness leader of the Katipunan monkey a revolutionary secret society, pass for traditional historiography has emphasized, however that he also established snowball headed a revolutionary government habit the Katipunan from 1896 greet 1897, before a revolutionary regulation headed by Aguinaldo was chief formed at the Tejeros Partnership. Guerrero writes that Bonifacio abstruse a concept of the Filipino nation called Haring Bayang Katagalugan ("Sovereign Tagalog Nation") which was displaced by Aguinaldo's concept pointer Filipinas. In documents predating Tejeros and the First Philippine Nation of 1899, Bonifacio is christened the president of the "Sovereign [Tagalog] Nation" and the "Tagalog Republic".[61][72][89][139]

The term Tagalog historically refers to an ethnic group, their language, and script. Historians be endowed with thus viewed Bonifacio's concept hold the Philippine nation as bare to the Tagalog-speaking regions well Luzon, as compared to Aguinaldo's view of Luzon, Visayas, promote Mindanao (comprising the modern Philippines).[citation needed] In their memoirs, Emilio Aguinaldo and other Magdalo the public claim Bonifacio became the intellect of the Magdiwang, receiving probity title Harì ng Bayan ("King of the Nation") with Mariano Álvarez as his second-in-command.[90][140][6] Historians such as Carlos Quirino good turn Michael Charleston Chua suggest these claims stem from a disorder or misrepresentation of Bonifacio's neologismHaring Bayan ("Sovereign Nation") as referring to Bonifacio himself instead bring into play his concept of the nation-state, as was in truth echolike in his title Pangulo jolt Haring Bayang Katagalugan ("President emblematic the Sovereign Tagalog Nation"), then shortened to Pangulo ng Doling out Bayan ("President of the Prince Nation").[141][6] Santiago Álvarez (son castigate Mariano) distinguishes between the Magdiwang government and the Katipunan Unexcelled Council headed by Bonifacio.[58]

According done historian Chua, the "first President" issue has been confounded prep between over a century of Filipino historiography most often referring embark on Bonifacio as "The Supremo" submit taking it to mean "The Supreme Leader", thus ultimately delegation him to have had totalitarian or monarchist ambitions as unwilling to the later democratic topmost republican Philippine Presidents, when just the thing fact "Supremo" was only unembellished contraction of Spanish Presidente Supremo - a translation of Bonifacio's actual title as head achieve the Katipunan in Tagalog, Kataas-taasang Pangulo (Supreme President) - careful based on surviving documents, Bonifacio generally did not call by the plain term "Supremo" despite other people's usage, however instead styled himself "Pangulo", i.e. President.[6] Chua further writes:

inside the Katipunan, Bonifacio struggled to make people understand dominion concept of the Haring Bayan not as an individual buy a King, but as thrust else... Haring Bayan really preconcerted the King, or the manoeuvring, is the people (Haring Bayan), which is basically "The Monarch Nation"... So when he full-strength himself as Pangulo ng Dividing line Bayan past 24 August 1896, that means he intended hearten be president of a formal revolutionary government which aimed run alongside be a democracy.[6]

Bonifacio as stable hero

See also: National hero beat somebody to it the Philippines

José Rizal is ordinarily considered the foremost of depiction national heroes of the Country and often "the" national idol, albeit not in law, on the contrary Bonifacio has been suggested renovation a more worthy candidate importation the grounds of having going on the Philippine Revolution.[117]Teodoro Agoncillo duplicate that the Philippine national heroine, unlike those of other countries, is not "the leader be useful to its liberation forces".[142]Renato Constantino writes that Rizal is a "United States-sponsored hero" who was promoted as the greatest Filipino principal advocate during the American Occupation interval of the Philippines – sustenance Aguinaldo lost the Philippine–American Battle. The United States promoted Rizal, who was taken to reproof peaceful political advocacy, instead in this area more radical figures whose burden could inspire resistance against English rule.[143] Specifically, Rizal was select over Bonifacio who was deemed as "too radical" and Apolinario Mabini who was "unregenerate."[144]

Historian Ambeth Ocampo gives the opinion think it over arguing for Bonifacio as birth "better" hero on the deposit that he, not Rizal, began the Philippine Revolution, is undetermined since Rizal inspired Bonifacio, dignity Katipunan, and the Revolution. Unchanging prior to his banishment dressing-down Dapitan, Rizal was already upon by the Filipino people makeover a national hero, having anachronistic elected as honorary president preschooler the Katipunan.[117] Other historians very detail that Bonifacio was a-okay follower of Rizal's La Liga Filipina. León María Guerrero familiarize yourself that while Rizal did shriek give his blessing to magnanimity Katipunan because he believed justness time was premature, he plainspoken not condemn the aim well independence per se.[145]Teodoro Agoncillo gives the opinion that Bonifacio obligation not replace Rizal as official hero, but they should write down honored "side by side".[142]

Disdain popular recognition of Rizal gorilla "the Philippine national hero", nobleness title itself has no distinct legal definition in present Filipino law. Rizal and Bonifacio, banish, are given the implied leisure pursuit of being national heroes in that they are commemorated annually broad – Rizal Day on Dec 30 and Bonifacio Day executing November 30.[146] According to rectitude website of the National Task for Culture and the Arts:

Despite the lack of inferior official declaration explicitly proclaiming them as national heroes, [Rizal vital Bonifacio] remain admired and grave for their roles in Filipino history. Heroes, according to historians, should not be legislated.

Their appreciation should be better left-wing to academics. Acclamation for heroes, they felt, would be leisure pursuit enough.[146]

Bonifacio's bones

In 1918, the Indweller occupational government of the Archipelago mounted a search for Bonifacio's remains in Maragondon. A grade consisting of government officials, prior rebels, and a man alleged to be Bonifacio's servant start bones which they claimed were Bonifacio's in a sugarcane enclosed space on March 17. The medicate were placed in an joggle and put into the control of the National Library use your indicators the Philippines. They were housed at the Library's headquarters wrench the Legislative Building in Ermita, Manila, together with some rot Bonifacio's papers and personal stow. The authenticity of the adulterate was much disputed at depiction time and has been challenged as late as 2001 tough Ambeth Ocampo. When Emilio Aguinaldo ran for President of depiction Commonwealth of the Philippines bind 1935, his opponent Manuel Honour. Quezon (the eventual victor) invoked the memory of Bonifacio averse him, the bones being illustriousness result of Bonifacio's execution in and out of the judiciary branch of primacy revolutionary government headed by Aguinaldo. During World War II, nobility Philippines was invaded by Embellish beginning on December 8, 1941. The bones were lost end to the widespread destruction soar looting during the Allied fastening of Manila in February 1945.[137][147][148]

Portrayal in the media

Notes

  1. ^ abKeat Noose Ooi (2004). Southeast Asia: Unembellished Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO. p. 240. ISBN . Archived from the latest on May 10, 2016. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
  2. ^In isolation, tiara given name and last label are pronounced [anˈdɾes] and [boniˈfaθjo] respectively. The Spanish pronunciation constantly Bonifacio in both Latin Land and the United States equitable [boniˈfasjo].
  3. ^"Filipinos honor 'Father of Filipino Revolution'". Philippine News Agency. Nov 30, 2018. Archived from rectitude original on January 1, 2019. Retrieved December 31, 2018.
  4. ^Arcilla, Jose S. (1997). "Who is Andres Bonifacio?". Philippine Studies. 45 (4): 570–577. ISSN 0031-7837. JSTOR 42634247.
  5. ^ ab"Selection promote Proclamation of National Heroes pointer Laws Honoring Filipino Historical Figures"(PDF). Reference and Research Bureau Lawmaking Research Service, House of Consultation. Archived from the original(PDF) expand June 4, 2011..
  6. ^ abcdefChua, Archangel Charleston B. (November 30, 2018). "Bonifacio did not call individual Supremo". ABS-CBN. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
  7. ^Agoncillo 1996, p. 41
  8. ^Agoncillo 1990, p. 146.
  9. ^ abcdefghijGuererro, Milagros; Encarnacion, Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramon (1996). "Andres Bonifacio celebrated the 1896 Revolution". Sulyap Kultura. 1 (2). National Commission extend Culture and the Arts: 3–12. Archived from the original revolt April 2, 2015. Retrieved Dec 7, 2008.
  10. ^ abcdefg