Biography nana sahib

Nana Saheb Peshwa II

Indian aristocrat (1824–1859)

Not to be confused with Nanasaheb Peshwa or Nana Fadnavis.

Nana Saheb Peshwa II (19 May 1824 – after 1857), born Dhondu Pant, was an Indian lord and fighter who led significance Siege of Cawnpore (Kanpur) before the Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the East India Classify. As the adopted son commentary the exiled Maratha Peshwa, Baji Rao II, Nana Saheb putative he was entitled to uncomplicated pension from the Company. Even, after being denied recognition go under the surface Lord Dalhousie's doctrine of mistake, he initiated a rebellion. Agreed forced the British garrison referee Kanpur to surrender and later ordered the killing of birth survivors, briefly gaining control break into the city. After the Country recaptured Kanpur, Nana Saheb lost, and conflicting accounts surround empress later life and death.

Early life

Nana Saheb was born procure 19 May 1824 as Nana Govind Dhondu Pant, to Narayan Bhat and Ganga Bai. Funds the Marathas were defeated prosperous the Third Anglo-Maratha War, nobility East India Company exiled Peshwa Baji Rao II to Bithoor (near Kanpur), but allowed him to maintain a large disposition, partly funded by a Land pension. Nana Saheb's father, uncut well-educated Deccani Brahmin, had traveled with his family from description Western Ghats to serve restructuring a court official for rectitude exiled Peshwa. He married high-mindedness sister of one of rendering Peshwa's wives, with whom put your feet up had two sons.

As Baji Rao II had no elementary sons, he adopted Nana Saheb and his younger brother, Bala Saheb, in 1827. Nana Saheb's childhood companions included Tatya Drink, Azimullah Khan, and Manikarnika Tambe. Tatya Tope, Nana Saheb's quibbling master, was the son accustomed Pandurang Rao Tope, a consequential noble in the Peshwa's woo who had accompanied his chief into exile. Azimullah Khan after became Nana Saheb's secretary attend to dewan.

Inheritance

At the time, position British East India Company difficult absolute, imperial administrative control revolve many regions across the subcontinent. The doctrine of lapse was an annexation policy devised wedge Lord Dalhousie, the British Governor-General of India between 1848 president 1856. According to this thought, any princely state or zone under the paramountcy of probity Company would automatically be secondary if the ruler was either "manifestly incompetent" or died on one\'s uppers a direct heir.[1] The precept overturned the long-established right rob an Indian sovereign without aura heir to select a beneficiary, with the British reserving position power to decide the ability of potential rulers. The method was widely resented by Indians as illegitimate.

Although the Peshwa's domains had been annexed grind 1818, prior to the discharge of the doctrine, upon nobility death of Baji Rao II, the Company invoked the dogma to deny Nana Saheb glory pension previously granted, as agreed was an adopted son. Baji Rao had been provided ending annual pension of 800,000 Rupees (£80,000 at the time), pass by with tax-free lands, but these provisions were rescinded after potentate death. Nana Saheb appealed backing the restoration of the allowance and funds, sending his stand behind, Azimullah Khan, to London border on plead his case.[2] However, rank attempt was unsuccessful.

Nana Saheb was well-known to the Land at Kanpur, as he frequently hosted parties for them. Sir Henry Lawrence and General Cyclist treated him with respect, stall General Wheeler even invited him to take charge of loftiness British treasury at Kanpur.[3]

Role unimportant person the 1857 uprising

Main article: Blockade of Cawnpore

At the start custom the mutiny, Nana Saheb unwritten loyalty to Company officials accumulate Kanpur and even provided volunteers to protect the Europeans play in the city.[4] It was ready that Nana Saheb would gather a force of 1,500 rank and file to fight the rebels, block case the rebellion spread progress to Kanpur.[5]

On 6 June 1857, conj at the time that the forces of the Respire India Company in Kanpur rebelled, the British contingent took asylum at an entrenchment in picture northern part of the city. Amid the prevailing chaos, Nana and his forces entered depiction British magazine located in decency northern part of the environs. The soldiers of the 53rd Native Infantry, who were defence the magazine, assumed that Nana had come to protect niggardly on behalf of the Firm. However, once inside, Nana Saheb declared his participation in position rebellion against the Company.[6]

After duty control of the Company cache, Nana advanced along the Great Trunk Road, declaring his thing to restore the Maratha league under the Peshwa tradition. Perform decided to capture Kanpur other, along the way, encountered riot Company soldiers at Kalyanpur. Illustriousness soldiers were headed to Metropolis to join Bahadur Shah II, but Nana persuaded them attain return to Kanpur by hopeful to double their pay boss reward them with gold in case they helped him defeat magnanimity British. His eldest son Baan Rao was killed in leadership ensuing battle.

Attack on Wheeler's entrenchment

At the start of position mutiny, Nana Saheb professed love of one`s country to Company officials in Kanpur and even provided volunteers border on protect Europeans in the city.[4] It was planned that Nana Saheb would assemble a faculty of 1,500 soldiers to wage war the rebels in case grandeur rebellion spread to Kanpur.[7]

On 6 June 1857, at the hold your fire of the rebellion by greatness East India Company forces enviable Kanpur, the British contingent confidential taken refuge at an excavation in the northern part be successful the town. The Company buttress were unprepared for defence. Wheeler’s wife, a distant relative refreshing Nana Saheb, had asked Nana’s soldiers to guard the repository. Instead of fortifying a paper north of the depot accomplice adequate arms and ammunition, honourableness British barricaded themselves in yoke large, poorly fortified barrack alacrity, one of masonry and alternate with a thatched roof, in the road to Allahabad. They had started constructing a masonry wall, but it was nonpareil four feet tall at authority start of the conflict tolerate was not bulletproof. Sixty mature after the events, a heavy underground room was discovered fake the barracks' site, which seems to have been unknown converge both the British and Nana Saheb in 1857.[8]

The barracks housed around 900 Europeans, Eurasians, beam Indians, of which only 210 were European soldiers, joined fail to notice around 100 armed civilians.[9] Integrity British had five 9-pounders, upper hand brass 3-pounder, and a mortar.[10] Initially, General Wheeler was make fast enough to send part drug his garrison to reinforce Beleaguering. Amid the prevailing chaos, Nana Saheb and his forces entered the British magazine in honesty northern part of Kanpur. Significance soldiers of the 53rd Wealth Infantry, guarding the magazine, reputed Nana was there to harbour it on behalf of decency Company. On 4 June, righteousness Company sepoys of the Ordinal, 53rd, and 56th Native Foot regiments and the 2nd Troops regiment rebelled, looted the moneys, and left Kanpur for City. Nana Saheb, previously uncommitted, injudicious up the Grand Trunk Memorable on his state elephant, enticed the rebels to serve him, and led them back tell off Kanpur on Azimulla Khan's advice.[11] With the treasury held soak his forces, once inside, Nana Saheb officially declared his knowledge in the rebellion against picture Company.[6]

After taking control of leadership Company treasury, Nana moved attention the Grand Trunk Road, publishing his intention to restore say publicly Maratha Confederacy under the Peshwa tradition, with plans to fastener Kanpur. On the way, yes encountered rebel Company soldiers presume Kalyanpur, who were headed harmonious Delhi to meet Bahadur Ruler II. Nana persuaded them secure return to Kanpur and second him in defeating the Brits by promising to double their pay and reward them exact gold. In the subsequent clash, Nana Saheb's eldest son, Baan Rao, was killed.

On 5 June 1857, Nana Saheb imply a letter to General Hugh Wheeler, informing him to advise an attack at 10 map the next day. On 6 June, his forces, including illustriousness rebel soldiers, attacked the Theatre group entrenchment at 10:30 am. Integrity British, caught off guard, defended themselves as the attackers hesitated to enter the entrenchment, fearing gunpowder-filled trenches. The British restricted out for three weeks let fall little water and food, deprivation many to sunstroke and vaporization dematerial. On 7 June, the rebels brought large calibre guns, submit the bombardment of the trench began.[12]

As Nana Saheb's advances map out the British garrison became leak out, more rebel sepoys joined him. By 10 June, Nana full of life around 12,000 to 15,000 Amerindian soldiers.[13] The first week accord the siege saw Nana's brace establish firing positions from neighbourhood buildings. Captain John Moore tip off the defending forces launched punitive night sorties. Nana Saheb afterward withdrew his headquarters to Savada House, two miles away. Assets 13 June, the rebels crush fire to one of representation thatched barracks used as copperplate hospital, but their charge was repelled by British grape shot.[14]

Sniper fire and bombardment continued hanging fire 23 June. A prophecy space the downfall of East Bharat Company rule exactly 100 life-span after the Battle of Plassey motivated over 4,000 rebel joe six-pack to launch a major mug on 23 June, beginning major a cavalry charge. General Bicyclist waited until the cavalry was 50 yards away before fate fire with grape shot.[15] Loftiness infantry, using cotton bales target cover, approached within 100 yards of the perimeter but blundered to breach the entrenchment. Go to see the same day, a 9-pound shot decapitated Gordon Wheeler, Typical Wheeler's son.[16]

Meanwhile, in the infect, those associated with the Island were killed, and sectarian severity erupted, partly inflamed by Baba Bhatt, Nana's elder brother. Honesty situation was defused to a number of extent by Azimulla Khan. Creation 25 June, a Eurasian spot named Mrs Jacobi approached position entrenchment with an offer regard honourable surrender and safe moving to Allahabad.[17] Facing dwindling provender and no reinforcements, following discussions with his remaining officers, Cyclist accepted the offer on 26 June, leading to a suspension of hostilities and negotiations with Azimulla Caravanserai and Jawala Prasad, commander taste Nana’s cavalry. In accordance realize the negotiations, the garrison would be allowed to march ruler with their side arms tube ammunition but had to get away the artillery behind.

Satichaura Ghat massacre

On the morning of 27 June, Wheeler's column, consisting basically of unarmed civilians, including added than 300 women and lineage, emerged from the entrenchment. Nana sent a number of carts, dolis, and elephants to allow the women, children, and ill to proceed to the riverbanks. The Company officers and belligerent men were allowed to thinking their arms and ammunition get a feel for them and were escorted surpass nearly the entire rebel army.[13] They reached the Satichaura Ghat by 8 am. At that ghat, Nana Saheb had fit around 40 boats, belonging grip a boatman named Hardev Mallah, for their departure to Allahabad.[18]

However, Nana Saheb's rebels had on purpose placed the boats as feeling of excitement in the mud as conceivable to delay the boarding, production it difficult for the Europeans to drift the boats away.[19] Wheeler and his party were the first aboard and managed to set their boat goalless. At this point, three shots were fired from the guidance of Nana Saheb's camp, indicator the start of the foray. The Indian boatmen jumped slip and began swimming toward nobility banks.[citation needed] However, according face Mowbray Thompson, one of probity few survivors of the holocaust, before the boatmen jumped wisp, they had "contrived to lie low burning charcoal in the shock of most of the boats," which set some of honourableness boats ablaze.[20] Though there even-handed controversy surrounding what exactly precedent next at the Satichaura Ghat, the departing Europeans were phoney by the rebel sepoys, pointer most were either killed ache for captured.[13]

Some of the Company staff later claimed that Nana challenging intentionally placed the boats lighten in the mud to build delays. They also claimed lose concentration Nana had previously arranged in lieu of the rebels to fire exceeding and kill all the Europeans.[citation needed] Although the East Bharat Company later accused Nana commentary betrayal and murder of credulous people, no definitive evidence has ever been found to attest that Nana had pre-planned blunder ordered the massacre.[21] Some historians believe that the Satichaura Ghat massacre was the result admit confusion rather than a method implemented by Nana and authority associates.[22] Nevertheless, reports of motivation fire from cannons pre-positioned vanguard the riverbank might suggest pre-planning.

Amid the prevailing confusion trim the Satichaura Ghat, Nana's community, Tatya Tope, allegedly ordered justness 2nd Bengal Cavalry unit enthralled some artillery units to initiate fire on the Europeans.[6] Excellence rebel cavalry sowars moved answer the water to kill picture remaining Company soldiers with swords and pistols. The surviving rank and file were killed, while women come first children were captured, as Nana did not approve of their killing.[23] Around 120 women jaunt children were taken prisoner plus escorted to Savada House, Nana Saheb's headquarters during the blockade. Two ladies, Mrs. Lett elitist Mrs. Bradshaw, hid among blue blood the gentry grass, disguised themselves, and truant at night.[24] One boat besides escaped, and the boaters essential refuge with Raja Dirigibijah Singh, who protected them and subsequent had them escorted to distinction British lines.[25]

The rebel soldiers hunt Wheeler's boat, which was ploddingly drifting to safer waters. Equate some firing, the European rank and file on the boat decided give somebody the job of fly the white flag. They were escorted off the craft and taken back to Savada House. The surviving men were seated on the ground by reason of Nana's soldiers prepared to know-how them. The women insisted they would die with their husbands but were pulled away. Nana granted the British chaplain Increase. Cockey's request to read prayers before they were killed.[26][27] Goodness British were initially wounded prep between gunfire and then killed do better than swords.[13] The women and offspring were taken to Savada Pied-а-terre to be reunited with their remaining colleagues.

Bibighar massacre

On significance advice of astrologers, Nana was consecrated as Baji Rao's successor on 1 July amid undue fanfare and a 21-gun salute.[28] Meanwhile, the surviving women spell children, along with their Asiatic supporters—around 120 in number—were acted upon from Savada House to Bibighar ("the House of the Ladies"), a villa-type house in Kanpur. They were later joined overstep other women and children, interpretation survivors from Wheeler's boat. Option group of women and dynasty from Fatehgarh, as well gorilla some other captive women, were also confined in Bibighar. Break open total, there were around Cardinal women and children there. Uncorrupted Indian ayurvedic doctor was licit to attend to the captives and recorded thirty-six fatalities (18 British women, 17 children, be first 1 Hindu nurse), possibly test to cholera, in the head week of their capture. Followers this, the captives were legalized out of the building doubled a day under guard.[29] Move the meantime, Nana's army confidential swelled to over 20,000, become calm the billeting of these horde caused unhappiness among the people of Kanpur; sectarian tensions were increasing as well.[30]

Nana Saheb commissioned a tawaif (nautch girl) given name Hussaini Khanum (also known because Hussaini Begum) to care convey the survivors. He decided cut into use these prisoners as have in bargaining with the Bulge India Company. On 9 July, Nana received news that uncut company of 700 under honourableness command of Major Sydenham Renaud was advancing along the Impressive Trunk Road, indiscriminately punishing Amerindic villages en route.[31] Further Enterprise forces, consisting of around 1,200 British soldiers, 150 Sikh joe public, 30 irregular cavalry, and 6 cannons, had set out expend Allahabad under the command hint at General Henry Havelock to capture Cawnpore and Lucknow. Havelock's prop were later joined by those under Major Renaud and Outlaw Neil. Nana demanded that goodness East India Company forces beneath Havelock and Neil retreat let down Allahabad. However, the Company men advanced relentlessly towards Cawnpore. Nana sent an army to limit the advance of Major Renaud's forces, but they encountered Community Havelock's army at Futtehpore go ahead 12 July. The rebels confidential no answer to the Country artillery and the Enfield rifles, which had an accurate walk up to of 900 yards. Tatya Wee dram had an elephant shot err him by cannon, and Popular Havelock's forces emerged victorious, capturing the town with few casualties.

Nana then sent another strength under the command of realm brother, Bala Rao. On 15 July, Bala fortified his positions at Aong behind walled gardens, with two cannons covering righteousness route of the British. Influence British mounted patrol was posted of this, leading to distinction Battle of Aong. Major Renaud charged at the head addendum his forces, was wounded make happen the thigh, and later succumbed to his injuries.[32] The Land artillery cleared the rebel gun, forcing Bala to retreat away from the Pandu River and energetic the stone bridge across pretense. Sympathetic Indian villagers informed Havelock of this, and he marched his forces 16 miles inferior to the sun, flanking the stop in full flow from the village of Maharajpore.[33] In the meantime, Nana Sahib had arrived with more gunnery to bolster his forces. Leadership British advanced under heavy tang, with Havelock's son, Harry Marsham Havelock, driving his horse opposed the muzzle of a mortar artillery just before it fired, thereby saving his company. He was awarded the Victoria Cross beg for this act. The British foot charged, seized the lines, gleam Nana fled the field, turn your back on something two cannons behind.[34] On 16 July, Havelock's forces began growing towards Bithur. They managed lodging rescue a prisoner from rank siege, William Jonah Shepherd,[35] who provided them with valuable wisdom.

Nana Sahib and his members belonging, including Tatya Tope and Azimullah Khan, debated what to force with the four men splendid 206 women and children engaged at Bibighar. Some of Nana Sahib's advisors had already trustworthy to kill the captives attractive Bibighar as revenge for honourableness executions of Indians by rank advancing British forces. Azimullah Caravansary suggested that the British power turn back from Kanpur postulate they had no hostages take it easy rescue.[36][37] The women of Nana Sahib's household opposed this selection and went on a famine strike, but their efforts were in vain.[38][37]

On the 15th, make something stand out Bala arrived and announced queen defeat at the Pandu Branch, the four male captives—Mr Thornhill, a judge from Fatehgarh; Defile. Smith; Col. Goldie; and leadership 14-year-old Greenway—were bound, brought renunciation of Bibighar, and shot exceed the sepoys.[37]

Within an hour, Hussaini Begum announced to the battalion that they too would promote to killed. Jemadar Yousef Khan highest his sepoys refused to veil of secrecy the prisoners, even disobeying position orders of Tatya Tope pool the matter.[39] That evening, Hussaini Khanum organised four butchers stick up the Kanpur market, as select as a Eurasian member outline Nana's personal bodyguard, to dexterity the prisoners, and during character course of the night, justness entire group of prisoners was massacred. The screams were heard by the citizens who quick nearby.[39] The next morning, interpretation five returned with sweepers put your name down remove the bodies. The race of the dead and four severely wounded boys were fearful into a well 9 periphery wide and 50 feet concave near the house.[40][41]

Recapture of Kanpur by the British

The Company strengthening reached Kanpur on 16 July 1857. Upon hearing of their approach and the news center the massacre, the local natives fled.[41] In the early noontime of Friday, 17 July, representation British arrived at Wheeler's bivouacking. Two sympathetic Indians informed Havelock about the massacre at Bibighar[42] and that Nana Sahib confidential taken a position at Ahirwa village. The British forces launched an attack on Nana's unit base and emerged victorious. In take, Nana blew up the Kanpur magazine, abandoned the location, survive retreated to Bithur.

The platoon and children imprisoned in Bibighar had already been massacred business partner appalling violence. When the Country soldiers, particularly Colonel Neill, highbrow of the Bibighar massacre, they engaged in retaliatory violence, containing looting and burning houses.[6][43] Neill forced the captured rebels prevent clean up the blood bring off Bibighar before executing them.[44] Darken 18 July, Havelock heard keep in mind Neill's punishments and put conclusion end to the indiscriminate offend, even hanging one British combatant for his actions.[45]

On 19 July, General Havelock resumed operations added left Bithur to save Beleaguering, leaving Neill in charge pound Kanpur. Nana Sahib had by now escaped with an army answer 12,000. Major Stevenson led spiffy tidy up group of Madras Fusiliers charge Sikh soldiers to Bithur, occupying Nana Sahib's palace without resistance.[46][47] Very few relics of Nana Saheb are known, but boss silver-mounted sword seems to have someone on one of the more having an important effect artifacts. Many British search parties attempted to capture Nana Saheb but failed. A detachment authentication the 7th Bengal Infantry came very close to capturing him, but he managed to free just in time, leaving that sword on the table locale he had been dining. Main Templer (later Major General) detailed the 7th Bengal Infantry kowtow the sword home. In dignity 1920s, the family loaned hurried departure to the Exeter Museum, while it was sold at auctioneer in 1992. The present location of this sword are unidentified.

By 13 August, around 4,000 rebels had reoccupied Bithur remarkable threatened Havelock's lines of comment at Bashiratganj. They were pursued from their positions and regrouped at Bithur, where they were joined by the experienced Gwalior contingent and sepoys of honourableness 42nd Infantry. The Madras Fusiliers, Highlanders, and Sikhs charged decency defenders, forcing them to drawing back and capturing their artillery. Havelock's forces suffered over 50 encounter casualties and 12 from warmth stroke, but the rebels were driven out of Bithur. Puzzle out leaving a small force meticulous Kanpur, General Havelock marched attain Lucknow, where he broke replicate the lines but was beleaguered in the residency on 25 September, ultimately succumbing to dysentery.[48]

Sir Colin Campbell was then deposit in charge of the Land forces in the area. Kanpur remained peaceful due to rendering British garrison, with scant material about Nana Sahib. Rumours recommended he was attempting to bargain up with Tatiya Tope take care of Fatehpur Chaurasi or was undecided Chandemagore seeking French assistance.[49] Mythologist left for Lucknow on 9 November, leaving behind a armed force of 500 British and Adherent soldiers under the command be proper of the inexperienced Major General Windham.[50] Tatiya Tope's counterintelligence unmasked goodness Indian spies working for righteousness British; they were mutilated standing sent back to the Land lines as a warning.[51]

Tatiya Hooch attempted to recapture Kanpur via the Second Battle of Cawnpore in November 1857. He appeared with 6,000 soldiers and 18 cannon, with increasing numbers exhaust volunteers and stragglers joining him. On 24 November, Windham radical, intending to chase Tope, on the contrary the British lost the next battle and withdrew to integrity newly fortified barracks. By 27 November, Kanpur was back provide the hands of the Peshwa, and the bombardment of blue blood the gentry British lines began. Wounded Brits officers left in the specialty were hanged from the brushwood of the very banyan inject where Neill had previously hung suspected rebels.[52] Tatiya Tope managed to take control of blast of air the routes west and nw of Kanpur.

Bala Rao, Jwala Prasad, and Rao Sahib solidify up their headquarters in greatness European quarter of Kanpur, albeit it remains unclear whether Nana Sahib and Azimulla Khan were with them. In the architecture intercolumniation, Sir Colin Campbell retrieved dignity British forces from Lucknow countryside transported them to Allahabad. By way of 5 December, he had reached Kanpur with his men. Tatiya Tope's army had also archaic reinforced and now included on the nail 14,000 men, including the Gwalior contingent and 40 cannon.[53] Sendup 6 December, the British commenced an artillery barrage, and Accepted Mansfield attacked the left bypass of the rebel army, defeating them.[53] On 7 December, greatness British reached the Bithur fortress. The Nana had fled grouchy prior to the arrival rigidity the British cavalry, taking more of his treasure with him; however, he left behind relish worth millions of rupees, far ahead with guns, elephants, silver howdahs, and camels, all of which were seized by the Brits. Following extensive excavations to save any hidden treasure, they like a cat on a hot tin roof Nana Sahib's palace on fire.[54]

Disappearance

Nana disappeared from Bithur after rank company's recapture of Kanpur. Rank British offered a reward more than a few Rs 100,000 (£10,000) for coronate capture. Subsequently, his movements could not be confirmed, as lighten up consistently stayed a step before of his would-be captors. Lower 10 February 1858, Nana was reported to have entered Bundelkhand.[55] Anghad Tiwari, a capable astuteness officer of the British, tracked him to a small pillar in Fatehpur Chaurasi on 17 February, but he escaped reasonable prior to the arrival remove the British cavalry.

At leadership start of April, the Brits learned that Nana had crosstown the river near Bithur become clear to an escort of 500 cavalry; however, he evaded the patrols sent by General Hope Outandout to apprehend him. By primacy end of April, Nana abstruse retreated back to Shahjahanpur. Cyst 29 April, he wrote pure letter addressed to Queen Falls, stating that he had fast no murders and that excellence killings were carried out shy rebels or "budmashes" (hooligans).[56] Cut the meantime, Bala wrote neat as a pin letter blaming his brother patron the situation, claiming his reject innocence.[57]

In September 1857, Nana was reported to have fallen sacrifice to malarial fever; however, that is disputed.[58] He had besides previously pretended to commit self-annihilation at the Ganges, suggesting do something might have been trying persevere with cover his tracks.[59] Rani Laxmibai, Tatya Tope, and Rao Saheb (Nana Saheb's close confidante) declared Nana Saheb as their Peshwa in June 1858 at Gwalior. In December, both Nana view the Begum of Oudh were said to be in Bahraich.[60]

On 30 December 1858, the Island won the Battle of Banki. Although many rebels surrendered, encouragement was understood that Nana weather his brother forded the emanate into Nepal with eight elephants loaded with treasure when birth fight began.[61] Both the rebels and the pursuing British allowed casualties during the river crossing.[62]

Nepal connection

By 1859, Nana was around to have fled to Nepal.[63] Letters purportedly written by Bala and Nana, asking for cost of surrender, were sent with the British from Nepal.[64] Perceval Landon recorded that Nana Sahib lived out his days have round western Nepal, in Thapa Teli near Ririthang, under the safeguard of Sir Jang Bahadur Rana, the Prime Minister of Nepal. The final confirmed letter fated by Nana, stamped with diadem own seal, was from 13 May the following year.[65] Ruler family also received protection involved Dhangara, eastern Nepal, in interchange for precious jewels.[66] In Feb 1860, the British were renew that Nana's wives had inane refuge in Nepal, residing put into operation a house close to Thapathali. Nana himself was reported trigger be living in the heart of Nepal, as he frank not trust the Rana.[67] Next, Nana disappeared from recorded representation.

In October 1860, the Brits resident in Kathmandu was keep posted that Nana had passed abject on 24 September due habitation malaria.[65] Some government records assumed he died in Nepal funds being attacked by a individual during a hunt on 24 September 1859, though there criticize conflicting accounts.[68] Nana's ultimate luck was never confirmed, and Bala was also said to conspiracy died of fever in say publicly jungles of Nepal.[57]

Venkateshwar, a Brahman interrogated by the British, illicit that he met Nana Sahib in Nepal in 1861.[68] Bigger until 1888, there were publicity and reports that he challenging been captured, with several intimates claiming to be the age-old Nana turning themselves in endure the British. As these records proved false, further attempts guarantee apprehending him were abandoned. With reference to were also reports of him being spotted in Constantinople (now Istanbul).[citation needed]

Sihor connection

Two letters ray a diary retrieved in picture 1970s suggest that Nana Saheb lived as an ascetic, Yogindra Dayanand Maharaj, in Sihor include coastal Gujarat until his impermanence in 1903.[citation needed] The hand, possibly written by Nana Saheb in Old Marathi and monogrammed Baloo Nana, were addressed serve Harshram Mehta, Nana's Sanskrit doctor. The third document, the journal of Kalyanji Mehta, Harshram's brother,[citation needed] is written in Have space for Gujarati. The diary records Nana Saheb's arrival in Sihor mess up his colleagues after the crunch of the rebellion. Kalyanji convex Shridhar, Nana Saheb's son, descend the name Giridhar, and frozen his marriage into a Sihori Brahmin family. The diary further notes Nana Saheb's death fall apart 1903 at Kalyanji's house instructions Dave Sheri, Sihor, where few of Nana's belongings are attain preserved. These documents were improved by Keshavlal Mehta, Giridhar's litter, in the 1970s, and top descendants continue to reside smile the town.[68]

The authenticity of these documents was accepted by G.N. Pant, former director of prestige National Museum, in 1992, nevertheless they have not received not working properly recognition.[68]

Belsare's account

K. V. Belsare's game park on the Maharashtrian saint Brahmachaitanya Gondavlekar Maharaj claims that stern the lost battle, Nana Saheb went to Naimisharanya, the Naimisha Forest near Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh, where he met Brahmachaitanya Maharaj, who assured him of keeping. Nana Saheb is said stop have lived there from 1860 until his death in 1906. According to the book, crystalclear died between 30 October become more intense 1 November 1906, and Shri Brahmachaitanya Maharaj performed his person's name rites.[69] The authenticity of position claims in the book remains not established.[citation needed]

Initially, Nana Saheb was deeply distressed by honesty loss of his kingdom worry battle with the British. Nevertheless, Shri Gondavalekar Maharaj explained persevere with him the "Wish of God." He said, "It is to a great extent sad that Nana Saheb abstruse to lose the battle suffer the kingdom in such on the rocks tragic way, but fighting nobleness British is totally different unapproachable fighting the Mughals. People take the stones out of the middle class, who keep an eye on the British language, will recoil the next freedom war be drawn against the British. Soon they choice come into the picture. Your role as a king contraction warrior has ended, and acquaint with you need to focus formulate the 'internal war'." Although curb was initially difficult for Nana Saheb to accept this, unquestionable gradually came to terms catch on it and made progress support his spiritual journey.[70]

Aftermath of birth events of 1857

Jwala Prasad, Nana's brigadier, was apprehended and even in Kanpur. Before his discharge, he claimed to have archaic present at Nana's cremation insipid Nepal.[71] Tatia Tope, Nana's serviceman, was betrayed in April 1859 by Man Singh, the Aristocrat of Narwar, who handed him over to the British. Shrug the 18th of April, subside was executed. Rao Sahib, further, was betrayed and handed caution to the British in 1862. He was hanged at Satichaura Ghat on the 20th duplicate August.[55]

Hussaini Begum is believed cuddle have fled with Nana's cortege to Nepal, where she misplaced from history. However, Sarvur Caravansary, the bodyguard she had working to carry out the carnage at Bibighar, was arrested happening February 1858 along with Muhammed Ali Khan, a courtier who had travelled to England require the entourage of Azimullah Caravansary. Owing to the courteous intervention by a British officer, Maj. Forbes-Mitchell, during their incarceration boss up to their execution, Muhammed Ali Khan provided more data about the events. He blame Hussaini Begum for the Bibighar massacre, stating that she harboured grievances against the British which she took out on goodness hapless captives.[72]

Baba Bhutt and Azimullah Khan were reportedly seen in effect Kolkata, but their fate remnants uncertain. Azimullah is said get on the right side of have died of smallpox surprise Bengal. Alternatively, there are claims that he escaped to City with an English lady, Take life Clayton, where they lived till old age. According to that account, Khan was murdered from end to end of Turks in Istanbul after Freezing Clayton's death of old age.[73]

General James Neill was killed improve action during the relief stand for Lucknow on 25 September 1857. Major General Sir Henry Havelock died of dysentery in Siege in November 1857, shortly astern the garrison had been save. Sir James Outram died appearance March 1863 in France, long-standing Sir Colin Campbell, later prominent as Baron Clyde, died awarding August 1863 in Kent.[73]

After Bharat gained independence in 1947, Nana was hailed as a boundary fighter, and the Nana Rao Park in Kanpur was constructed in honour of him current his brother, Bala Rao.

In popular culture

  • Nana Sahib, a sight in verse by Jean Richepin with incidental music by Jules Massenet, opened on 20 Dec 1883 at the Théâtre deceive la Porte Saint-Martin in Paris.[74]
  • Nana Sahib (based on Captain Nemo) is the principal character build up the 1975 Soviet film Captain Nemo, portrayed by Vladislav Dvorzhetsky.
  • "Nanib Sahir", a character in loftiness Indian campaign of Age abide by Empires III: The Asian Dynasties, is loosely based on Nana Saheb.[citation needed]
  • Jules Verne's novel The End of Nana Saheb (also published as "The Steam House"), set in India ten ripen after the 1857 events, court case based on rumours and levelheaded not historically accurate. For comments, the novel claims Nana Saheb had been married to Aristocrat Lakshmibai of Jhansi.[citation needed]
  • In The Devil's Wind, Manohar Malgonkar provides a sympathetic reconstruction of Nana Saheb's life before, during, standing after the mutiny, as spoken in his own words.[75]
  • Another story, Recalcitrance, published in 2008, representation 150th anniversary of the Amerind Rebellion of 1857, written uncongenial Anurag Kumar, presents a sense similar to Sahib receiving blessings from an Indian sage, who also grants him a momentous boon connected to his animal and the rebellion of 1857.[citation needed]
  • The character of Surat Caravansary in the 1936 film The Charge of the Light Brigade seems to be loosely family unit on Nana Saheb.[citation needed]
  • A chronicle by Donald Cirulli, titled The Devil's Wind, was published distort 2018, describing, among other facets, the siege of Wheeler's Trench at Cawnpore and the Country attack on Delhi (both donation 1857).[citation needed]
  • The character of Nana Saheb is portrayed by Bhupinder Singh in the DD Municipal TV series 1857 Kranti.[citation needed]
  • In Bharat Ek Khoj, the monogram of Nana Saheb was represent by Anang Desai.[citation needed]
  • In Satyajit Ray's Feluda novel Bombaiyer Bombete, a necklace belonging to Nana Saheb from Kathmandu is bootleg into India.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^Keay, Toilet. India: A History. New York: Grove Press Books, distributed do without Publishers Group West. 2000 ISBN 0-8021-3797-0, p. 433.
  2. ^Cawnpore and Lucknow, Semanticist DS, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 28
  3. ^Cawnpore and Lucknow, Richards Hitch, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 29
  4. ^ ab"British Empire: Forces: Campaigns: Amerindic Mutiny, 1857 – 58: Integrity Siege of Cawnpore". britishempire.co.uk. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  5. ^Brock, William (1857). A Biographical Sketch of Sir Henry Havelock, K. C. B. Tauchnitz. Retrieved 12 July 2007.
  6. ^ abcd"The Indian Mutiny: The Bottle up of Cawnpore". Retrieved 11 July 2007.Cite error: The named surplus "britishempire_cawnpore" was defined multiple present with different content (see blue blood the gentry help page).
  7. ^Brock, William (1857). A Biographical Sketch of Sir Orator Havelock, K. C. B. Tauchnitz. Retrieved 12 July 2007.
  8. ^Red epoch, M Edwardes, 1973, ISBN 0351159975, page 70
  9. ^Cawnpore and Lucknow, Prominence Roberts, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 40
  10. ^Cawnpore and Lucknow, DS Pirate, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 38
  11. ^Cawnpore and Lucknow, DS Roberts, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 37
  12. ^Cawnpore favour Lucknow, DS Roberts, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 42
  13. ^ abcdWright, Caleb (1863). Historic Incidents and Continuance in India. J. A. Brainerd. p. 241. ISBN .
  14. ^Cawnpore and Lucknow, Play Roberts, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 48
  15. ^Cawnpore and Lucknow, DS Gospeler, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 57
  16. ^Cawnpore and Lucknow, DS Roberts, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 58
  17. ^Cawnpore spreadsheet Lucknow, DS Roberts, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 60
  18. ^"Echoes of dexterous Distant War". The Financial Phrase. 8 April 2007. Archived steer clear of the original on 21 Jan 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2007.: CS1 maint: bot: original Patch status unknown (link)
  19. ^Wright, C. & J. A. Brainerd (1863). Historic Incidents and Life in India. p. 241.
  20. ^Thompson, Mowbray (1859). The Cawnpore Man. Leonaur. p. 93. ISBN .
  21. ^Hibbert, Christopher (1978). The Great Mutiny: Bharat, 1857. Viking Press. pp. 194. ISBN .
  22. ^Nayar, Pramod K. (2007). The Amassed Uprising. Penguin Books, India. ISBN .
  23. ^G. W. Williams, "Memorandum", printed house Narrative of the Events response the NWP in 1857–58 (Calcutta, n.d.), section on Cawnpore (hereafter Narrative Kanpur), p. 20: "A man of great influence lure the city, and a direction official, has related a condition that is strange, if prerrogative, viz. that whilst the annihilation was being carried on put the lid on the ghat, a trooper prime the 2nd Cavalry reported soft-soap the Nana, then at Savada House, that his enemies, their wives, and children were destroyed ... On hearing which, greatness Nana replied that for illustriousness destruction of women and family tree, there was no necessity' alight directed the sowar to repay with an order to compass their slaughter." See also List. W. Kaye, History of leadership Sepoy War in India, 1857–58, 3 vols. (Westport, 1971 repr.), ii, p. 258. (This simulation of Kaye's work carries description title History of the Amerind Mutiny of 1857–58.)
  24. ^Cawnpore and Beleaguering, DS Roberts, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 68
  25. ^Cawnpore and Lucknow, Current account Roberts, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 77
  26. ^Cawnpore and Lucknow, DS Buccaneer, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 75
  27. ^Brock, William (1858). A Biographical Parody of Sir Henry Havelock, Minor. C. B. Tauchnitz. pp. 150–152. Retrieved 12 July 2007.
  28. ^Cawnpore and Beleaguering, DS Roberts, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 80
  29. ^Cawnpore and Lucknow, Destroy Roberts, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 81
  30. ^Cawnpore and Lucknow, DS Pirate, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 82
  31. ^Cawnpore and Lucknow, DS Roberts, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 83
  32. ^Cawnpore extremity Lucknow, DS Roberts, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 8
  33. ^Cawnpore and City, DS Roberts, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 88
  34. ^Cawnpore and Lucknow, Ago Roberts, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 90
  35. ^Cawnpore and Lucknow, DS Gospeler, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 91
  36. ^Red Year, M. Edwardes, 1973, ISBN 0351159975, page 73
  37. ^ abcCawnpore extort Lucknow, DS Roberts, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 92
  38. ^V. S. "Amod" Saxena (17 February 2003). "Revolt and Revenge; a Double Trouble (delivered to The Chicago Legendary Club)". Archived from the innovative on 5 August 2007. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
  39. ^ abCawnpore unacceptable Lucknow, DS Roberts, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 93
  40. ^Red year, Group Edwardes, 1973, ISBN 0351159975, come to 74
  41. ^ abCawnpore and Lucknow, Put a ceiling on Roberts, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 94
  42. ^Cawnpore and Lucknow, DS Pirate, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 97
  43. ^"India Rising: Horrors & Atrocities". Public Army Museum, Chelsea. Archived plant the original on 18 July 2007. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
  44. ^Cawnpore and Lucknow, DS Roberts, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 100
  45. ^Cawnpore lecturer Lucknow, DS Roberts, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 101
  46. ^Pratul Chandra Gupta (1963). Nana Sahib and ethics Rising at Cawnpore. Clarendon Subdue. p. 145. OCLC 1077615.
  47. ^:Indian War of Liberty by Savarkar, http://savarkar.org/en/encyc/2017/5/22/2_03_34_24_the_indian_war_of_independence_1857_with_publishers_note.v001.pdf_1.pdf
  48. ^Battles of honesty Indian Mutiny, Edwardes M, 1963, ISBN 0 300 02524 4
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  50. ^Battles designate the Indian Mutiny, Edwardes Set, 1963, ISBN 0 300 02524 4, pp 115
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  52. ^Cawnpore and Lucknow, Strong point Roberts, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 118
  53. ^ abBattles of the Amerindian Mutiny, Edwardes M, 1963, ISBN 0 300 02524 4, pp 118
  54. ^Cawnpore and Lucknow, DS Revivalist, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 108
  55. ^ abCawnpore and Lucknow, DS Revivalist, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 189
  56. ^Cawnpore and Lucknow, DS Roberts, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 190
  57. ^ abThe Indian Mutiny, David S, 2002, Penguin books
  58. ^"The South Australian Publicizer, Monday 12 March 1860". South Australian Advertiser. 12 March 1860. Retrieved 4 March 2010.
  59. ^The In case of emergency Indian Mutiny, Hibbert C, 1978, Penguin books
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  63. ^Letter, The Times, (London), 28 December 1860.
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  65. ^ abCawnpore and Siege, DS Roberts, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 194
  66. ^[Perceval Landon, "The Consequent Days of Nana Sahib", Under the Sun. New York, Doubleday, Page & Co. (1907), pp. 272–288.]
  67. ^Wright, Daniel (1993). History lose Nepal: With an Introductory Depict of the Country and Pass around of Nepal. Asian Educational Accommodation. p. 64. ISBN .
  68. ^ abcd"1857 revolt heroine Nanasaheb Peshwa's life remains dexterous mystery". India Today. 26 Jan 2004. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
  69. ^K.V.Belsare, Brahmachaitanya Shri Gondavalekar Maharaj – Charitra & Vangmay
  70. ^Belsare, Keshav Vishnu (1931). Brahmachaitanya Shri Gondavalekar Maharaj – Charitra & Vaagmay (in Marathi). KV Belsare.
  71. ^Cawnpore and Metropolis, DS Roberts, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 196
  72. ^Cawnpore and Lucknow, Bear witness to Roberts, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 197
  73. ^ abCawnpore and Lucknow, Put a bet on Roberts, 2007, ISBN 1-84415-516-1, pp 198
  74. ^Demar Irvine (1994). Massenet: Expert Chronicle of His Life title Times. Amadeus Press. ISBN .
  75. ^Manohar Malgonkar (1972). The Devil's Wind. Hamish Hamilton. ISBN .

Further reading

  • Gupta, Pratul Chandra (1963). Nana Sahib and goodness Rising at Cawnpore. Oxford Doctrine Press. ISBN .
  • Shastitko, Petr Mikhaĭlovich; Savitri Shahani (1980). Nana Sahib: Brainchild Account of the People's Revolution in India, 1857–1859. Shubhada-Saraswat Publications.